The Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln - 1339 Words

Abraham Lincoln can be considered one of our nation’s greatest presidents. A main reason that Lincoln is so honored is because of the tremendous virtues he is said to have held. The number of qualities Lincoln possessed include integrity, strong self morals, confidence, ambition, and honesty, all of which assisted him in eventually become the sixteenth President of the United States. Lincoln had many honorable virtues. There were basic one such as his refusal to drink and smoke. There were other more curious ones as his refusal to be a part of organized religion while at the same time having a superior knowledge of the Christian Bible’s text. However, one of Lincoln’s best virtues is his ability to go after what he believes is right and not being afraid to go against the majority. He showed this integrity in the 1837 vote on appeals from the legislatures of Virginia, Kentucky, Alabama, and Mississippi for â€Å"their northern counterparts to do something†¦ to stamp out the new menace of abolitionism that had arisen in the early 1830s† (Miller, 116). Among a sea of â€Å"Aye†s for agreement of the appeal, Lincoln was one of the nine â€Å"Nay†s. At the age of twenty-eight Lincoln was not afraid to vote against something he knew he wouldn’t win just to stay with what he believed. As Miller states on page 120, there was no pressure to vote this way. Quite the opposite actually. When asked about the vote six weeks later, one reason Lincoln and Daniel Stone stated as an explanation for theirShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1958 Words   |  8 PagesLeadership and Legacy: Background Research Paper Abraham Lincoln By:Audrey Knight Introduction Great leader and main topic Abraham Lincoln lived in the 1800’s where he accomplished many things in his 54 years of life. He lived in the U.S. through several major events in history and left a legacy that will never be forgotten. As the 16th president of the United States he brought about the emancipation of slavery, preserved the Union during the Civil War, and served the people. His heroic leadershipRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln933 Words   |  4 PagesSynopsis Regarded as one of the United States of America greatest heroes, Abraham Lincoln is famous for his unique appeal and incredible impact on the nation. He was the United States 16th president. His story is an astounding one rising from a humble background to become the most powerful man the land. However, at the time when his country needed him most, a tragic and sudden death strikes him. He is assassinated. He left a legacy that endured due to his unique humane personality as a leader of the unionRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln Essay2383 Words   |  10 PagesReport Name Abraham Lincoln paved a path of equality and freedom for slaves and people of the 1800s as well as having a major impact on society and government; Abraham Lincoln s engagement with the public people skyrocketed his career as being a president and a suitable leader to the people of the United States of America. Born on February 12th, 1809 in Hardin County, Kentucky, Abraham Lincoln in his later years would be known as one of the most influential leaders of all time. Abraham Lincoln was bornRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1217 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln was born in the year 1809 on February 12th in the town of Hardin County, Kentucky to Thomas and Nancy Lincoln. Growing up Lincoln had no proper education, consequently he read books and educated himself. During Lincoln’s young adult years, he worked a various number of jobs as a shopkeeper, surveyor, and a postmaster. In 1832, Lincoln became a captain of the Hawk War against the Native Americans. Shortly after the war was over, he began his political career and was elected to theRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1817 Words   |  8 Pagesmore than any of these other men: Abraham Lincoln, the man who freed the slaves. Abraham Lincoln, born February 12, 1809 in Hodgenville, Kentucky, is widely considered to be one of the greatest presidents to have ever been in office. During the course of his presidency, Lincoln not only lead the Union during the Civil War and tried to unify the nation through a harsh time of crisis, conflict, and bloodshed: through his beliefs, his example and his legacy, Lincoln freed the slaves, gave them the rightRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln Essay2382 Words   |  10 PagesAbraham Lincoln paved a path of equality and freedom for slaves and people of the 1800s as well as having a major impact on society and government; Abraham Lincoln s engagement with the public people skyrocketed his career as being a president and a suitable leader to the people of the United States of America. Born on February 12th, 1809 in Hardin County, Kentucky, Abraham Lincoln in his later years would be known as one of the most influential leaders of all time. Abraham Lincoln was born intoRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1826 Words   |  8 Pages Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential election, was a beacon of hope for many slaves in America. Becoming the 16th president of the United States serving from 1861 to 1865, Abraham Lincoln is one of America’s most celebrated heroes. Holding office during the years of the American Civil War, Lincoln preserved the Union, while creating a new era that consisted of emancipated African American slaves. After winning a victory at the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, he issuedRead MoreLegacy Of Abraham Lincoln s Legacy Essay1582 Words   |  7 PagesLegacy Leader: Abraham Lincoln A legacy leader is someone who has left a positive and lasting impression in society due to his or her leadership qualities and/or traits. Abraham Lincoln is a prime example of a legacy leader due to the leadership traits he displayed throughout his presidency. Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States. He exhibited great leadership qualities such as integrity, duty, and selfless service. Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation and hisRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1500 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Lincoln has been studied more than any other in American history. In fact, over 15,000 different books have been written about our 16th president. Throughout the pages of these books, President Lincoln is affectionately referred to by many different names, such as the Railsplitter, Honest Abe, and the Great Emancipator. A vast majority of these written works honor Lincoln as one of our greatest presidents. Not everyone feels that way, however. Charles Adams, in his book, When in the CourseRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1292 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Lincoln has been called the greatest president in all of American history. His principles were dedicated to the survival of the United States during one of the most gruesome and bloody wars in the country s history, the American Civil War. During his presidency, he fought for the emancipation of slaves because he believed the institution of slavery was morally unjust. His ideals, which appealed to the founding principles of the country, energized and mobilized the union and kept it alive

Divine Law And Ismene By SophoclesAntigone - 827 Words

Daniel Lavitman Mrs. Sicotte English II 21 November 2017 Antigone Test Sophocles’ Antigone sheds light on some questions some of these include, as question one says, human laws versus divine laws, and loyalty to the family versus loyalty to the state. Sophocles writes about how one should always follow divine laws. He does this through the character of Antigone, one of Oedipus’ children. Antigone says that she must act as per the religious law, the law of higher God. Ismene, her sister and another child of Oedipus declares that she cannot go against the law of the citizens. Antigone, knowing full well the consequences of defying Creon, acts on her principles as she realizes that law of God demands the burial of a dead body, her†¦show more content†¦By corruption few men thrive, and many come to mischief† (Sophocles 12). The sentinel responds to this with the accusation that Creon is too blinded to realize that it was not him, â€Å"Plague on it! ‘Tis hard, a man should be suspicious, And with a false suspicion!† (Sophocles 13). However, in the play he does make some good decisions, he is seen as an effective leader where he believes in order and laws and punishment for breaking those laws. He mostly believes in his laws having more authority than the God’s laws and talks about how anarchy is the true downforce of a nation. In question six it is asked if Antigone or Creon is the tragic hero. In the play of Antigone, Creon is the tragic hero. Sophocles at first portrays Creon as a just leader. He has good, rational reasons for his laws and punishments. By the end of the play Creon’s hubris, has taken over him, which leads to his demise. He does not realize how bad his hubris has interfered with his dealing of problems until Teiresias’s prophecy, â€Å"Therefore the Gods accept not of us now Solemn peace-offering or burnt sacrifice, Nor bird trills out a happy-boding note, Gorged with the fatness of a slain man’s blood† (Sophocles 38). By then it is too late. This is the path of a tragic character. Creon’s pride and hubris got the better of himself when he thought himself higher than the Gods. Creon finally realizes that things will not turn out

Credit Management free essay sample

Controlling the accounts receivables process demands the development of policies that are compatible with an enterprises profits, liquidity and market share. Since the accounts receivables policy has a broad impact, it must be managed carefully and assessed frequently. Accounts receivables policy development is subject to internal and external business constraints and requires careful evaluation of the policies potential impact on sales volume, cash management objectives and procedures, direct and indirect cost of receivables management and customer relations. Once an account receivables policy is implemented, it should be reassessed at least annually, since policy changes could be required to adjust for changing internal and external conditions, such as changing business objectives, varying competitive industry standards, fluctuating interest and foreign exchange rates, inflation, rapidly increasing credit volume, technological advances and globe trade pattern trends. Receivable is a permanent investment and is an ever-rolling account. The finance manager has to determine the level of this account suitable so that there will be an easy flow of working capital. We will write a custom essay sample on Credit Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The management should see that debtors turn fast. If the debtors’ turnover velocity is high then the firm can minimize borrowings for working capital. Accounts receivable management is a decision making process, which takes into account the creation of debtors, and minimizing the cost of borrowings of working capital due to locking of funds in account receivables. Impact of receivables management on business Financial Impact: †¢ Improved return on receivables. †¢ Increased cash flow. †¢ Generates investment opportunities. †¢ Increase collection of effectiveness. †¢ Reduce receivable delinquencies. Reduced operation costs. †¢ Reduce administration costs. †¢ Early intervention turns marginal accounts into profitable accounts. †¢ Customized receivables service based on invoice amount. †¢ Productivity gain. Strategic Impact (Long Term) †¢ Focus on core business. †¢ Better use of internal revenue. †¢ Best in class capabili ties utilized. Tactical Impact (Short Term) †¢ Reducing/controlling operating cost. †¢ Reallocation of capital funds. †¢ Tapping into new resources. Receivables management flow chart Order processing Order confirmation Billing and dispatch Consolidation of sales data An enterprises credit policy is a major, controllable element that has a significant influence on sales demand and profits. The many factors that comprise credit policy should be analyzed before the decision is made whether or not to offer credit or to make changes to current policy. Foctors that could constrain or influence credit policy include: ability to finance the credit policy. Costs of financing receivables by means of internal or external credit facilities should be estimated to determine which approach is feasible for the enterprise. The development of the enterprises credit policy requires that specific decisions be made regarding several variables that establish the terms of sale and the acceptable level of credit risk. The variables are: †¢ Credit standards †¢ Credit period †¢ Credit terms †¢ Cash discount and surcharges †¢ Credit limits †¢ Credit instruments †¢ Payment methods When implementing or varying the credit policy by changing any one, or all, of the above variables, management must assess the impact on net income, calculate the probability of achieving the planned results, and determine the additional level of risk assumed. In particular, any relaxation of credit policy should be considered only after very careful evaluation of the impact of the change by top management, because it is extremely difficult to revert to more stringent policies without experiencing adverse effects on customer relations and sales. `Credit Standards A firm has a wide range of choice in choosing the credit standards. A firm has to decide what standard should be applied in accepting or rejecting an account for credit granting. At one end of the spectrum it may decide not to extend credit to any customer, however strong his credit rating may be. At other end it may decide to grant credit to all customers irrespective of their credit rating. Between these two extreme positions lie several possibilities, often the more practical ones. This gives ample scope for the Credit manager/ Finance manager to play a critical role. In general liberal credit standards tend to push sales up by attracting more customers. This is, however accompanied by a higher incidence of bad debt loss, a large investment in receivables and a higher cost of collection. Stiff credit standards have the opposite effect. They tend to depress sales, reduce the incidence of bad debt losses, decrease the investment in receivables and lower the collection cost. Credit Period The credit period is the length of time credit is granted (for example, from invoice date to due date), and is normally established according to an industry standard. The credit period has direct impact on the cost of financing receivables and on collection risk. An enterprise may elect to deviate from the industry standards for one or more reasons: to obtain a competitive advantage, to reflect the enterprises classification of customer quality, or to longer-term economic or business changes. The date when payment is deemed to be received should be defined. It may be based on the envelope postmark date, the remittance processing date, or the date funds are received. Customers should be clearly advised of the payment receipt date. Credit Terms Credit terms are normally specified on the contractual documents, or on the customer invoice or statement. Frequently used payment terms include the following: cash before delivery (CBD) or Cash on delivery (COD) may be required when the buyer has been classified as a poor credit risk. In case of an unknown or one-time buyer, credit cheque may be required when the order is placed, or before the goods or services are delivered. Cash terms permit the buyer a payment period of about 5 to 10 days and maybe used for high turnover or perishable goods. Invoice terms often a net due date and a discount due date that maybe calculated from various starting dates such as the invoice, delivery or client acceptance dates. The term maybe quoted, for example, as 2/10, net 30 meaning a payment discount of 2% is given if the invoice is paid within 10 days. Full payment is required after 10 days but within 30 days. Periodic statements are normally issued monthly. The statement terms may be similar to invoice terms and include discounts and interest charges for late payment. All invoice transactions are listed up to a cut-off date and payment is due by a specified date in the following period. Credit discounts and surcharges Cash discount policies may be established for a number of reasons: to conform to the industry norm, to stimulate sales, or to expedite receipt of cash. To be an effective collection tool, the discount rate must be established at a rate of interest higher than that at which the customer is able to borrow. Consideration should be given to the implications of customers taking a discount to which they are not entitled. A surcharge, or late payment charge, can be used to encourage prompt payment and to equalize treatment for customers who pay on time versus those who delay payment. Credit Limit Credit limit categories should be established to codify the total credit that may be granted to customers in each credit quality classification. To ensure that credit limits remain appropriate, given business or other major changes, they should be regularly reviewed. Periodic credit worthiness reassessment can be simplified by automatically reassigning customers to a higher credit limit level after a specified period of satisfactory payment experience. Credit factors, assigned by the credit grantor and weighted by relative importance, can be used to calculate a single numerical value that could be used to assign distinctive credit limits and payment periods to different customers. The credit score must always be tempered by informed management judgment because the accept-reject decision implicitly includes economic trade-offs: to minimize rejection of an acceptable credit customer (with loss of future business) versus to accept a poor credit risk (and resulting debt losses). Credit Instruments Credit instruments are written payment contracts agreed to by the enterprise and its customers. Instruments range from simple invoices to formal credit arrangements that are selected to reduce credit risk. When selecting an instrument to be used, the enterprise should consider industry standards, market norms and buyer risks. The enterprise may choose different instruments at different times depending on the product or services sold, the customers geographical location, or customer quality classification. The ability to use different instruments provides flexibility when dealing with significant or sensitive customers and orders. Compliance with relevant consumer protection legislation may require detailed disclosure to the buyer of credit instrument terms. The following are the 4 major credit instrument: 1. Open Account 2. Promissory notes 3. Conditional sales contracts 4. ocumentary credits Payment Methods The management of the enterprise selling the goods or services should advice its customers of acceptable payment methods, including advance payments, cash, cheque, credit card or electronic fund transfer. The implications associated with each method should be assessed carefully before determining which payment vehicles to allow. For example, electronic funds transfer (EFT) speeds cash flow and reduces collection risk because funds are immediately withdrawn from the customers account and credited to the seller account. However, there are initial development and on-going operational costs, and some enterprises may not find this process cost effective. Factors to consider when determining possible payment methods are: provisions of the Federal Currency Act concerning legal tender; standard trade practices; cost of processing; cash flow implications and impact on collection risk. Currency hedging may be a major factor for industries involved in foreign transactions, and the policy related to hedging should be in writing. CREDIT ANALYSIS Besides establishing credit standards, a firm should develop procedures for valuating credit applicants. The second aspect of credit policies of the firm is credit analysis and investigation. Two basic steps are involved in the credit investigation process. a) Obtaining credit information. b) Analysis of credit information. It is on the basis of credit analysis that the decisions to grant credit to a customer as well as the quantum of credit would be taken Obtaining credit information The first step in credit analysis is obtaining credit information on which to base the evolution of the customer the sources of information, broadly peaking are: †¢ Internal †¢ External Internal Usually firms require their customer to fill various forms and documents giving the details of the financial operations. They are also required to furnish trade references with which firms can have contacts to judge the suitability of the customer for credit. This type of information is obtained from internal sources of credit information another internal sources of credit information is derived from the records of the firm’s contemplating an extension of credit facility . t is likely that a particular customer or applicant may have enjoyed credit facility in the past in the case that firm would have information on the behavior of the applicants in terms of the historical payment pattern this type of information may not be adequate and may therefore have to be supplemented by information from other sources. External The availability of the information from the external sources to assess the credit worthiness of the customers depends on the development of the institutional facilities and industry practices. n India, the external sources of credit information have not as developed as in the industrially advanced countries of the world. Depending upon the availability of the following external sources may be employed to collect the information. Financial Statements The external sources of credit information is the published financial statement that is the balance sheet and the profit and loss account. The financial statement contains very useful information they throw light on an applicants financial viability, liquidity profitability and debt capacity. Although the financial statement do not directly reveal the past payment period of the applicant they are very helpful in assessing the overall financial position of a firm which is significantly determines its credit standings. Bank References Another useful source of credit information are the banks of the firm, which is contemplating the extension of credit the modus operadi here, is that the firm’s banker collects the necessary information from the applicant’s bank. Alternatively, the applicant may be required to ask his banker to provide necessary information either directly to the firm or to its bank. Trade References These refer to the collection of information from firms with whom the applicant has dealings and who on their experience would vouch for the applicant. Credit Bureau Reports Finally, specialists credit bureau from organizations specializing in supplying credit information can also be utilized. Analysis of Credit Information Once the information has been collected from different sources, it should be analysed to determine the credit worthiness of the applicant. Although there are no established procedures to analyse the information, the firm should device one to suit its needs. The analysis should cover two aspects: a) Quantitative b) Qualitative Quantitative The assessment of the quantitative aspect is based on the factual information available from the financial statements, the past records of the firm, and so on. The first step involved in this type of assessment is to prepare an ageing schedule of the accounts payable of the applicant as well as calculate the average age of the accounts payable. This exercise will give an insight into the past payment pattern of the customer. Another step in analyzing the credit information is through a ratio analysis of the liquidity, profitability and debt capacity of the applicant. These ratios should be compared with the industry average; moreover, rend analysis over a period of time would reveal the financial strength of the customer. Qualitative The qualitative assessment should be supplemented by a qualitative/subjective interpretation of the applicant credit worthiness. The subjective judgment would cover aspects relating to the quality of management. Here, the reference from other suppliers, bank references and specialist bureau reports would form the basis for the conclusions to be drawn. In the ultimate analysis, therefore, the decision whether to extend credit to the applicant and what amount to extend will depend upon the subjective interpretation of this credit standing. COSTS The major categories of costs associated with the extension of credit on accounts receivable are: 1) Collection cost 2) Capital cost 3) Delinquency cost 4) Default cost Collection Cost Collection costs are administrative costs incurred in collecting the receivables from the customers to whom credit sales have been made. Included in the category of costs are (i) additional expenses on the creation and maintenance of a credit department with staff, accounting records, stationary, postage and other related items; (ii) expenses involved in acquiring credit information either through outside specialist agencies or by the staff of the firm itself. These expenses would not be incurred if they do not sell on credit. Capital Cost The increased level of accounts receivable is an investment in assets, they have to be financed thereby involving a cost. There is a time lag between the sale of goods to, and payment by, the customers. Meanwhile, the firm has to pay employees and suppliers of raw materials, thereby implying that the firm should arrange for additional capital to support credit sales, which alternatively could be profitability employed elsewhere, is, therefore, a part of the cost of extending credit or receivables. Delinquency cost This cost arises out of the failure of the customers to meet their obligations when payment on credit sales becomes due after the expiry of the credit period. Such costs are called delinquency cost. The important components of this cast are: 1) Blocking up of funds for an extended period. 2) Cost associated with steps that have to be initiated to collect the over dues, such as, reminders and other collection efforts, legal charges, where necessary, and so on. Default Cost Finally, the firm may not be able to recover the over dues because of the inability of the customers.

Reflective Essay Example

Reflective Essay Description first activity, we were paired In groups of four and asked the following questions In succession: What Is Inclusive practice? What is Integration? Is what the learner does more important than what the teacher does? The next activity was done after viewing DVD learning for living, which is a series of various learners with different learning issues. We were again placed in group of fours and asked to discuss a particular learner. The task involved is to and present to the TLS class. We were given the learner Diane, She has a visual disability. I observed In the died that, the zoom accessibility function Is set on the computer behind her. Our group came up with the following results for their activity What went well? From the various definitions that were given during the first activity. We had a discussion on, what is inclusive practice? We then came to the conclusion that it means:- Trying to meet the needs of all your learners who may be different but still need to learn regardless of their Disability, learning styles, race, religion, age and sexual orientation. The next question that was discussed was what Is Integration? Our function of this is that, it is the process were those with differentiation needs come together in a main stream learning environment. We then went onto the final question for this activity which was, is what the learner does more important than what the teacher does? We all agreed that the learner is more important than the teacher and to facilitate better learning. The teacher has to assume the role of a facilitator. On the DVD activity we arrived at the following conclusions Identify needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Through initial assessments Support needs-sensory team Identify what equipment/measures she needs egg readers Adapt practice Based on ten report Use resources I. E. Gold paper for hand-outs, bigger fonts and special reader to magnify fonts Class layout I. E. No direct sunlight and can sit in front of the class To Support Because of her visual impairment, do the following One to one discussion/talk with learner concerning learner needs Be aware of tone due to heighten senses Monitor how the learner react Get and give feedback Why? Inclusive practice is the way to go for effective learning. Differentiation takes a look at the learning styles and learning barriers and tries to match the learning activity to the learner. The teacher then has to consider this in his session plans and adopt it to fit all learning needs. Integration is a new and improved way that learning wants to take. This form of learning means that all learning needs will be considered by the teacher, who needs to facil itate the various learning needs of each learner to suit the learner. This will only serve to encourage the learners, knowing that the teacher is conscious of their learners needs. The teacher needs to do much less than the learner, rather than have a long boring lecture, the teacher needs to employ earner centered activities that, aide and encourage the learner more. This may also include peer to peer learning activities and group led activities. The DVD showed that it is important to recognize the needs of each learner, so as to be able to identify their needs, then adapt your resources, lesson plans, assessments etc. To meet these needs. In the case of Diane, the group agreed that there is a need to get support staff involved because the expertise needed to adapt practice may be lacking by the teacher. The group also agreed that, getting feedback from Diane was very important s that would make evaluation and implementation of future learning activities easier. Even better if For my lessons to be more inclusive, in my session plans, I have considered some of my learners and I made some adjustments to my Assessments and lesson plans. Reflective Essay Example Reflective Essay No single incident is significant enough to have individually affected the enormous journey I am on. Let me just reflect on my evolution from the impact of each significant theory on me, the integrative application of skills learnt, to the palpable discovery of a new consciousness, a new frontier. It is the first day of the Diploma I sit transfixed to my chair, as much a stranger to myself as I am to the others in the room. How do I introduce myself to the others? I don’t even know who I am! Who am I? I sit rigid, stereotypically male, in emotional shutdown. (Very honest! ) I introduce myself to the group through an activity! SCUBA Diving! Come on, how remote can you be from yourself? I sigh in relief, as other people’s introductions are equally mechanical. Some faces are socially familiar; we exchange glances and smile embarrassingly. I am a 57 year old man yet I am so acutely self conscious that every time I am asked to speak in that room, my heart pounds like an 8 year old on his first day in Prep school. The tutors tower over me like my English headmaster at Public school. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I feel overwhelmed by everything, the room, the participants, the tutors, I hide behind my false exterior, the tribal feudal male introject, that familiar front of self restrictedness and male aggression, the old friend who has always seen me through such situations. It works equally effectively now. Or does it? (displaying self-awareness here Tahir) Months pass, my humanistic jargon increases, maybe even some counselling skills, I am affable, articulate, comfortable and closed. Satori – enlightenment through a box of tissues I have never sat next to a box of tissues. I have never needed to. One afternoon that is all I need to hide my self with. A box of tissues. I am caught unawares, a peer narrates his childhood experience of ECT, he weeps, a grown man crying, and as I fight back my tears, I find the years of restrictedness, of not crying, stifling. My comfort has turned to discomfort, I am face to face with years of emotional dishonesty. I hate myself and the years of falseness, what was false? What was real? My fragile maleness flashes in front of me through the haze of tears, the years and years of posturing self sufficiency, of escaping fear through alcohol, as I weep, as I feel the tears, does something shift? Is this the beginning of becoming real? I learn in that sad revelation filled afternoon, how I have lived, just in my mind, with the false illusion of unfeeling fronts, of egotistical posturing, of my sense of centre being only appearance. Yes something has changed. (It must have been an emotional moment for you) As I go to my room that night, I stare at my self in the mirror; the foreground is the â€Å"I â€Å"in the â€Å"now†. The awareness that comes from learning who I really am, is dispossessing. Who am I? Who owns me? The previous strong, financially successful stud, overbearing, cynical and arrogant. Or this new I? Confused, feeling slightly emasculated, embarrassed by the deeper more intense person I see, I look away from the new self. The next morning is a check in, it is my turn to self disclose, I speak as if there is no one there but me, I speak of myself with an unguarded openness I never knew I possessed. I speak of my alcoholism, my trail of broken marriages and wounded children, I feel the room suddenly alive with other injured humans, not a group of students, but people with similar lives, congruence is not a word anymore, it is a feeling. I have dropped my guard and confronted my defenses. There is a new connection with my peers and tutors, the self discovery and in its aftermath, the acceptance and care, creates a new lightness in my being. (I sense some relief here when you were able to do this) My self Everybody’s important plaything Is now unpossessed, owned only by me. It dims As I strip it of veneers That were never mine. Then in the darkness of being nothing My freedom makes its own light. My own poem (Very thought provoking) Carl Rogers my threefold redirection My personal journey was first impacted by the attempt to understand why I did not naturally possess â€Å"the self actualizing tendency† why my consistent self destructive path? Where was my innate drive to develop and grow like the hardy Rogerian potato? I was never in an attic in a bleak winter. I needed to use the three core conditions of congruence, empathy and unconditional positive regard on myself. â€Å"The good life is a process, not a state of being. It is a direction not a destination. † 1 In my effort at redirection, I have attempted to do three things, 1. Rid myself as far as possible, of ego defensiveness, so I can get closer to â€Å"an increasing openness to experience. † 2. Living more and more in the moment, I continue to discard â€Å"preconceived self structure† and revel in the â€Å"experience of my life†. 3. I try and identify who I am, just the way I am, sans cover-ups. I need to experience, to feel my feelings, not think them. 2 (Three good resolutions here) This has actually allowed self healing to occur. I felt a strong sense of self. If I can empower myself, surely other people have within themselves the same ability! I can help empower others. The journey has commenced! __________________________________________________________ 1 and 2 Carl Rogers On becoming a Person THE FITTING GAME† –the trick of holding on tight to a theory, then trying to make my experience fit it. 3 Gestalt Theory so excited me, was so akin to the sensorial tendency in me, that I took to it. In my initial excitement however, I missed the point altogether, by intellectualizing it like a mathematics tutor, over assimilating just theory, denying the evidence of my senses. Naturally I could not apply it to my clients. Consequently I had to shed the theory, find the blockage in my understanding, (that I was trying to mould my practice to imposed theoretical structures. I had to â€Å"Sense, Feel, Imagine, Do, Perceive. Become more aware†4 â€Å"what I do now is the only thing I possibly could do, given my entire experience and state of awareness â€Å"5 That is my Gestalt practice now! Effective self regulation through the healthy formation cycle, is now simply, need fulfillment through uninterrupted functioning in full awareness. - 3. Houston G The Red book of Gestalt p 19 4. Houston G. The Red Book of Gestalt p 1 5. Houston G The Red Book of Gestalt p 86 Creative TA- becoming a winner is a point of view away Unconscious incompetence meant reliance on a theory that I could easily practice. I oscillated towards TA with a majority of my clients, almost teaching it to them. It took over a year and supervision for me to stop being didactic. Recourse to traditional ego state diagnosis, behavioral, social, historical and phenomenological, is now loosely employed. I use TA in the here and now, to allow clients to identify their life positions with their own adult/ leveler intervention. Transactions games discounting is all used experientially, their experience. They are left to decide when to consciously move towards autonomy from script. To be nobody but -yourself in a world which is doing its best night and day, to make you everybody else, means to fight the hardest battle any human being can fight and never stop fighting. † E E Cummings 6 6. Muriel and Jongeward Born to Win p 275 Integrative counselling in action a sampler It is Nov 2007, my first client! Heart pounding, clammy hands, who is more anxious. He presents with severe anxiety, timidity and shame. He is dysfunctional in his job, suspicious and manipulative with both peers and bosses. Socially phobic and self alienated, over adapted and incapacitated. He is caught in a bash trap. My client suffers from toxic shame from a mother and sister who both use criticism and unfavorable comparisons to control him. The sister 11 years older, projects her own life failures onto him, (transfer of blame), he gets tongue lashings from her and is humiliated and emasculated. His shoulders and head droop as he speaks of the bullying sister. We do the chair exercise and he goes on to enact his experience of her verbal violence, his voice high pitched and shrill in the chair as she berates him. The moment is overwhelming as he loses himself in the experience of being helpless, passive, eyes frozen open, mouth down, pale with fear, as she continues to berate him. He is racked with sobs as the chair encounter concludes, I fight to stop my rescuer from physically reaching out to console him. It is 4 months later, we are dealing with his toxic shame and his shame producing environment that has continued into his current life. He earnestly narrates the shame based injunctions, â€Å"don’t be important†, â€Å"don’t be†. He has no relationships, no friends, no lovers. The development of a shame based identity,his toxic shame has completely impeded all intimate relationships. Ironically he teaches me shame as I proceed to expose his shame. I feel homophobic confused and embarrassed as he brings his nascent homosexuality into the open, the sessions stop, as I handle my homophobia in supervision. (Very honest again here Tahid) â€Å"Because shame is central to conscience, indignity, identity and disturbances in self functioning, this affect is the source of low self- esteem, poor self concept or body image, self-doubt and insecurity, and diminished self- confidence. †7 This epitomizes my client. ___________________________________________________________________- 7. Kaufman G The Psychology of Shame p 5 My client creates script from his day to day experience of all authority figures, mother, sister, and bosses, ironically all are female. Despite excessive identification with them and the anxiety so evoked, I avoid Oedipal labeling. His natural sexual urge squelched, everything to do with sex is bad, shame is fostered, his sexual identity confused, his masturbation fantasies are solely homoerotic, he seeks solace in gay porn, forlornly tries arousal through heterosexual porn and fails. Then follow guilt filled anonymous homosexual encounters with strangers. His self loathing grows. I feel free (post supervision), to openly discuss his closet approach to his sexual identity and homosexual relationships. Together we identify the split between his disowned emotions and the quick guilt ridden homosexual encounters. The dichotomous branding of sex as evil and bad, the identification of women with negative controlling authority figures, the possibility of exploring bi sexual urges without conditioned responses is opened threadbare. His orthodox Muslim identity has made homosexuality sinful, punishable by death, this internalized social prejudice and shame has shut his sexuality. He slowly comes to terms with his needs, that they are natural, disrupted by personal history. He starts to own his sexuality, to be proud accepting and nurturing of it. Taking responsibility for his sexual activity without judgment, feeling sexually adequate as a homosexual, working on making the sexual act kosher! It takes months to make sex acceptable, to make the sexual identity of girls acceptable. He now wants to explore sex with any gender, to make sex a meaningful and natural possibility to be undertaken with responsibility, appropriateness and discretion. To integrate his sexual identity in his own time. He moves on. (It sounds very positive work that you have done with him) He starts by hating loving then forgiving his hapless equally emasculated father, his rejecting mother and cruelly controlling sister. His strong inner adult faces, wards off then ignores her attacks, till in frustration they stop. He forgives them all. With growing confidence and esteem, the panic attacks slowly die out. His bosses give him increasing responsibility. Manipulation is slowly replaced with quiet strength. He experiences growing self regard and dignity. With his peers his hitherto combative attitude is replaced with an increasing openness, with his team where he is group leader, his affection is reciprocated by his peers, as he replaces rigid personal barriers with flexible boundaries. He moves from being reaction based with everyone, to an â€Å"inside out† proactive approach taking direct responsibility for himself, owning his feelings and behaviors. I facilitate his discovery of his integrating Adult. From the adult he starts to self parent, he holds an ongoing inner dialogue between his adult and inner child to determine his parenting needs, the adult providing the space to his free child, to grow. I now find him stuck in adult, too much adult. He is asked to consider the possibility of self nurture. He quietly takes a taxi on a 10 day 800 kilometer ride to the Iran border along an unspoilt mountainous coast. From his adult, he most reluctantly looks at his child, summoning the courage to allow himself a holiday. What will his mother and sister say? He is fearful of the prospect of being discovered. It takes all the courage he can muster to get into the taxi to free himself from the past. In that lonely taxi, the mental imagery of miles and miles of mountains sand and sea, lifts then liberates him. It allows him to integrate his disowned parts, to start to accept then love himself. He is finding his free child! At his own pace. In his own way. In his own time. â€Å"Positive regard and affirmation must be provided by the NAMEPage 88/22/2013therapist if there is to be an atmosphere in which the client may safely project, witness, understand and untangle the negative self images he has acquired from childhood xperiences and relationships. A therapist who does not accept his client as gay, will reinforce earlier images that are reflected in the clients self- deprecatory, paranoid, masochistic, or sadistic attitudes which are interfering with his capacity for more positive relationships and experiences. †8 _______________________________________________________ Isay Richard A . Being homosexual p 121 ADDICTION- BAPTISM OF FIRE I manage a detox and rehab with a multidisciplinary team of 2 psychiatrists, a cardiologist and 2 other therapists. months into the opening of the rehab facility I am forced to withdraw our UK consultant from the facility. I am left to cope and I do! The team undertakes assessment, diagnosis, dual diagnosis, psychiatric medical and counselling services through both primary 28 day residential care and 11 months of secondary care as an out client service. Family services are offered to clients’ families covering non coercive intervention, identifying family dysfunction, co dependent behaviors, also enabling families to become aware of enabling co dependant and rescuer moulds. Within 3 months I learn the AA 12 steps, I study the different types of alcoholices, I move to the more open Minnesota Model which is also abstinence based but incorporates more methodologies. I integrate more TA into the rigidity of the AA structure In the 4th step( in answering â€Å"WHO AM I† ),I incorporate both TA and Gestalt, primarily use of the Adult ego state in finding ways to unscript the addictive (adaptive) child ego state. I learn then apply an elaborate Relapse Prevention Programme covering stabilization, self-assessment, warning sign identification, recovery planning et al. I learn about PAWS- Post Acute Withdrawal Syndrome and all major post abstinence medical complications and their psychological impact. A client presenting with abuse consisting of 8 grams of coke as the main substance with Vodka and a cocktail of benzo’s used over 48 hours every 15 days, is treated for 30 days in the rehab and 60 days in secondary care. After 10 months he is still abstinent! Another client, who was forcibly picked up and incarcerated in another rehab is treated with a more humanistic approach, CBT based boundaries and a properly monitored time structure, after a year he is still dry ! Presentations are made by our team to Psychiatry departments of two top hospitals in Karachi. Recognition is humbling and fulfilling. CONCLUSION – A NEW SENSE OF SELF- BEINGNESS What an incredible journey! From Humanistic to Attachment based theory, from shame to sexuality. I have evolved. This Essay is written from a new place, a place that recognizes that my unconscious mind was trapped in identity with form. In the soporific effect of material ownership. In the hollow appearance of where I stood in the eyes of others. From the gallows transactions of a key tutor, I discover my own equally image making, self seeking, egoic mind, that is when I try to move away from â€Å"I am right, you are wrong†, from my own defensiveness and aggression. I want to feel my common humanity, the oneness of my outer world with every other living organism’s outer world. And from within me, who I am, is slowly ceasing to matter. â€Å"Once you realize and accept that that all structures (forms),are unstable even the seemingly solid material ones, peace arises within you. This is because the recognition of he impermanence of all forms awakens you to the dimension of the formless within yourself, that which is beyond death. Eternal Life. †9 This course seems like a real awakening for you Tahid. It was a very emotional read and displays real self-awareness and a depth of honesty which is quite rare. Well done! _______________________________________________________________ 9 Tolle E. A New Earth p 81 Marking Sheet - DIPLOMA HUMANISTIC INTEGRATIVE COUNSELLING - Reflective essay - Student: Tahid Zahoor Ahmed Year Content (Evidence of knowledge, concepts, key issues, case material, references) Tahir’s reflective essay is very moving with key issues in his life addressed in a very honest and in depth manner. He has obviously allowed his emotional side to be expressed in a way which has not happened before. His writing is very poetic and expressive, giving the reader a real insight into the way in which this course impacted him deeply. He displays evidence of nowledge concerning TA and person centred techniques. Structure (Argument, evidence, structure, ability to answer the question) The write up displays logical progress through his journey and the issues he has worked on. Although the piece is not structured using headings of any kind, it follows Tahir through his own persona journey step by step. Clarity (Presentation of ideas and arguments, explanation of terms) The piece is carefully worded and articulate, using very emotional lang uage – possibly slightly less question marks could have been used. Tahir could have posed these phrases in slightly different ways to avoid this. Quality of analysis and Reflection (Evidence of understanding, ability to think independently; engagement in process, self-disclosure, self-reflection and personal evaluation, awareness of transference/ countertransference issues) Tahid is deeply reflective, self-disclosing on a very regular basis. He has obviously engaged in the process of writing this essay and has used case material to highlight issues which he needs to continue to work on. He has also personally evaluated this work which sounds very successful, probably due to Tahid’s own level of reflection on issues which arose for him, which he dealt with. A very emotional read, and a realization of the way in which we can originally be so unaware of our own issues but be revolutionized when we allow ourselves to be honest and open. Obviously deep issues have been addressed in Tahir’s life and he has moved towards becoming a more effective - Grade Awarded: DISTINCTIONTutor: Sally Draycott Date: 2/5/09

10 Common Mistakes You Make on Tests

10 Common Mistakes You Make on Tests 1. Leaving an Answer Blank There is nothing wrong with skipping over a tough question to give yourself some extra time to think it overjust as long as you remember to go back to the question later. The danger is forgetting to go back to every question you’ve skipped. A blank answer is always a wrong answer! Solution: Each time you skip a question, put a check mark beside it. 2. Answering a Question Twice You’d be surprised how many times students choose two answers in multiple choice. This makes both answers wrong! Solution: Review your work and make sure each true/false and multiple choice question only has one answer circled! 3. Transferring Answers Incorrectly From Scratch Paper The most frustrating mistake for math students is having an answer correct on the scratch paper, but transferring it wrong to the test! Solution: Double check any work you transfer from a scratch sheet. 4. Circling the Wrong Multiple Choice Answer This is a costly mistake, but one that is very easy to make. You look over all the multiple choice answers and pick the one that is correct, but you circle the letter next to the correct answer- the one that doesn’t match your answer! Solution: Make sure the letter/answer you indicate is the one you really mean to select. 5. Studying the Wrong Chapter Whenever you have a test coming up, make sure that you understand which chapters or lectures the test will cover. There are times when a teacher will test you on a specific chapter that is never discussed in class. On the other hand, the teacher’s lectures may cover three chapters, and the test may cover only one of those chapters. When that happens, you can end up studying material that won’t appear on your exam. Solution: Always ask the teacher what chapters and lectures will be covered on a test. 6. Ignoring the Clock One of the most common errors students commit when taking an essay test is failing to manage time. This is how you end up in a panic with 5 minutes to go and 5 unanswered questions staring back at you. Solution: Always take the first few moments of an exam to assess the situation when it comes to essay questions and answers. Give yourself a time schedule and stick to it. Give yourself a set amount of time to outline and answer each essay question and stick to your plan! 7. Not Following Directions If the teacher says â€Å"compare† and you â€Å"define,† you are going to lose points on your answer. There are certain directional words that you should understand and follow when you take a test. Solution: Know the following directional words: Define: Provide a definition.Explain: Provide an answer that gives a complete overview or clear description of the problem and solution for a particular question.Analyze: Take apart a concept or a process, and explain it step by step.Contrast: Show differences.Compare: Show likenesses and differences.Diagram: Explain and draw a chart or other visual to illustrate your points.Outline: Provide an explanation with headings and subheadings. 8. Thinking Too Much It’s easy to over-think a question and begin to doubt yourself. If you tend to second-guess yourself, you will inevitably change a right answer to a wrong answer. Solution: If you are a thinker who tends to over-think, and you get a strong hunch when you first read an answer, go with it. Limit your thinking time if you know you tend to doubt your first instincts. 9. Technological Breakdown If your pen runs out of ink and you can’t complete an exam, your blank answers are just as wrong as they would have been for any other reason. Running out of ink or breaking your pencil lead halfway through a test sometimes means leaving half your exam blank. And that leads to an F. Solution: Always bring extra supplies to an exam. 10. Not putting Your Name on the Test There are times when failing to put your name on a test will result in a failing grade. This can happen when the test administrator doesn’t know the students, or when the teacher/administrator won’t see students again after the test is over (like at the end of a school year). In these special situations (or even if you have a very stern teacher) a test that doesn’t have a name attached to it will be tossed out. Solution: Always write your name on a test before you get started!

Vectors

Vectors Free Online Research Papers A vector is a mathematical object possessing, and fully described by, a magnitude and a direction. It’s possible to talk about vectors simply in terms of numbers, but it’s often a lot easier to represent them graphically as arrows. The vector’s magnitude is equal to the length of the arrow, and its direction corresponds to where the arrow is pointing. Physicists commonly refer to the point of a vector as its tip and the base as its tail. There are a number of ways to label vectors. You may have seen vectors labeled or A. This book will follow the convention you’ll find on SAT II Physics: vectors are written in boldface and vector magnitudes in plain script. For example, vector A has magnitude A. Vectors vs. Scalars In contrast to a vector quantity, a scalar quantity does not have a direction; it is fully described by just a magnitude. Examples of scalar quantities include the number of words in this sentence and the mass of the Hubble Space Telescope. Vector quantities you’ll likely come across quite frequently in physics include displacement, s; velocity, v; acceleration, a; force, F; momentum, p; electric field, E; and magnetic field, B. When in doubt, ask yourself if a certain quantity comes with a direction. If it does, it’s a vector. If it doesn’t, it’s a scalar. Research Papers on VectorsBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfGenetic EngineeringRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Hockey GameResearch Process Part OneCapital PunishmentOpen Architechture a white paperEffects of Television Violence on Children

The Role of Ethics in Professional Accounting Essay

The Role of Ethics in Professional Accounting - Essay Example Ethical behavior itself is affected by several factors. When speaking specifically about a career, one of the most influential factors on ethical behavior are gender and education. The extent to which these factors influence ethical behavior for any given career has received widespread attention in recent years. The accounting field is not left out. The task is to show that there exists a liaison between accounting and the way gender, (sex) and education affect ethical behavior. Ethical and professional accounting forms a clear financial image of a business, and allows managers to make informed decisions, keeps investors abreast of developments in the business, and keeps the business profitable.1 Operating information is relative to the day-to-day running of the organization. Pay tracks, information of the evolution of liabilities and assets, inventories on goods, follow-up of customers and suppliers; these are only a few of the day-to-day activities in an enterprise. Financial accounting information on its own part concerns information such as the evolution of liabilities and assets. This information is used by stakeholders to analyze the progress of the organization in attaining its set objectives. In this light, shareholders would want to know if they would be benefiting from the business while banks who want to know if their money would be refunded. ... Financial accounting information on its own part concerns information such as the evolution of liabilities and assets. This information is used by stakeholders to analyze the progress of the organization in attaining its set objectives. In this light, shareholders would want to know if they would be benefiting from the business while banks who want to know if their money would be refunded. All information relative to financial accounting is arranged in what is known as bookkeeping. In effect, booking can be defined as: maintenance of systematic and convenient records of money transactions in order to show the condition of a business enterprise. The essential purpose of bookkeeping is to reveal the amounts and sources of the losses and profits for any given period. Proper bookkeeping should also reveal the nature and value of the assets and liabilities of a firm, as well as its net worth at the close of that period.3 Your last name 4. Managerial information is provided to the managers of the organization in a well prepared and easy to comprehend form so as to enable them make informed decisions that would shape the future of the enterprise or organization. As a result of its importance, the accounting of an enterprise is imperatively handled by a professional (accountant) whose (professional) work 'requires specialized and theoretical knowledge, acquired through college training or comparable work experience'.4 Professional work in accounting requires the examination, analysis and interpretation of records. Examples of such work include the:modification and implementation of manual and automated accounting systems to meet the specific fiscal requirements of an agency,development and revision of policies to improve accounting control and efficiency,

The role of the rule of law in the criminal justice process in UK Essay

The role of the rule of law in the criminal justice process in UK - Essay Example In the British Criminal Justice System, divisions like the Crown Prosecution Sector, the police, the law courts and the prisons operate together to bring about criminal justice. In general, the three departments are mutually responsible for the Criminal Justice System (CJS) and its subdivisions. These three consist of (i) The Ministry of Justice, which is concerned with the magistrates' law courts, the Appeals Courts, the Crown Court, the National Offender Management Service, and the Legal Services Commission (ii) The Home Office under whose jurisdiction are the police (iii) The Attorney General's Office which is in charge of the Serious Fraud Department, the Crown Prosecution Service, and the Customs and Revenue Prosecutions Division In ordinary circumstances, it is the responsibility of the Ministry of Justice to oversee the entire justice procedure (Roberson, Wallace and Stuckey, 2009). It is responsible for justice being meted out from the time when a suspect is apprehended, to t he time they are charged with a crime and incarcerated (if this is the result) (Schmalleger, 2009). The Ministry of Justice also plays a role in a felon’s probation process. The ministry is also expected to provide legal aid, and seek to decrease the chances of re-offending. The Home Office, on the other hand, is responsible for safeguarding the public from instances of crime, terror and other anti-social behaviours. The home office ensures people’s safety in order to facilitate investment and peaceful coexistence. It also promotes the acceptable level of tolerance that allows people to live with others from different backgrounds without there being unnecessary problems that come about through misunderstandings. This division is responsible for counter terrorism initiatives, safe policing and overall crime reduction strategies.  The Attorney General, who is usually assisted in handling these responsibilities by the Solicitor General, is the key legal counsel to the B ritish Government (McLeod, 2010). Both the Solicitor General and the Attorney General are responsible for making sure that all citizens uphold the rule of law.   The Attorney General also has additional public interest responsibilities such as committing to objecting to extremely lenient sentences that are given to serious criminals, as well as initiating proceedings in courts concerning the Contempt of Court Act (Zander, 2007). The function of the Criminal Justice System (CJS) is to bring all to justice by convicting and imprisoning the felons while defending the public. It is also in charge of investigating crimes and making sure that the perpetrators are held accountable for their crimes (Packer, 1968). The CJS also carries out other functions such as executing court orders, collecting fines and overseeing custodial as well as community punishment.   The main objectives for the CJS are:   Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To enhance their efficiency in bringing crimes and their p erpetrators to justice.   Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To boost public confidence in the way the CJS conducts its operations   Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To make crime victims feel that their grievances have been satisfactorily addressed by the Police unit as well as the CJS.   Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To constantly gather, evaluate, and make use of statistics concerning different ethnicities so as to identify irregularities in the distribution of responsibilities in the CJS.   Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To increase the finding of criminal factors so that the public is made aware that criminals will not go unpunished (Sanders and Young, 2000). While not all the members of society are predisposed to crime, such a step will help in discouraging potential criminals. The Basic Concept Underlying the Rule of Law In the 19th and 18th British society, many individuals who belonged to the upper classes were not treated in the same way as the rest of the British citizens. If they committed any crimes, they had special government laws that would be used to judge their cases

A report in the form of a business plan to pitch at potential Coursework

A report in the form of a business plan to pitch at potential investors - Coursework Example In addition, the report seeks to pitch for potential investors. The following is a summary of the main points of the proposed marketing plan. Immediate responsiveness, quality service, customer retention, advertising and networking are the keys to success for Royal Consultancy Limited. Fineness in gratifying promise, confidentiality and reliability are central aspects in keys to its success. Royal Consultancy Limited will be founded as a US based international company owned and run by its core shareholders as well as its principal operators. Upon its full writing the plan will incorporate legal formation aspects. In order to ensure Royal Consultancy Limited picks up, the owners will provide part of the funding in form of assets and liquid cash. The financial requirements to get the company started are enormous and as such a short term loan is sought to help secure home equity. This loan will be repaid within three years ones the net returns have increased substantially. To achieve this, aggressive advertising strategies will be formulated taking advantage of competitors’ feebleness. Through effective cost control measures huge net profits will be realised within the first year which increases through the next two years. After a careful analysis of the needs of this project, it was found that the total expenses amounts to $ 80,000. The short term assets is projected to cost $ 4,000 whereas the initial cash that would enable running of consulting services for the first six months is projected to be $ 1,100,000. The table below shows the start-up plan and costs involved Royal Consultancy Limited offers technical assistance in matters related to channel dissemination, development, repairs, training and market expansion. The services will be packaged and sold depending on the customer needs, preference and financial capability. Computer repairs and installation will be conducted onsite as part of our marketing

The application of Strategic Change Management in Toyota

The application of Strategic Change Management in Toyota This report deeply discusses the application of the Strategic Change Management in worlds fifth biggest company, Toyota Motor Corporation which is founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937. As an organization which has significant changes through last years, The Toyota Motor Corporation will be a good example. As the worlds largest automobile manufacture, The Toyota aims continue the 21st century with stable long-term growth whereas determine for harmony with society, People and the environment. According to the Vision of the Toyota, Good corporate citizen, they focus on constantly winning the trust and respect of the international community. The Toyota Motor Corporation always adopt with business environment for the purpose of long term growth. The Toyota Motor Corporation implemented The Toyota Way 2001 in April 2001 by expressing values and guidelines that should be embraced by all employees in the Toyota. There are four components in The Toyota Way 2001 As a root for Management Decisions, think long-term. Problem-solving process Develop employees for Adding value to Toyota Recognize the solving root problems constantly initiatives organizational learning The Toyota Motor Corporation Makes decisions gently by consensus, Consider entire options thoroughly and implement its decisions rapidly with the changing environment. The Toyota Motor Corporation is now expanded in different countries and worldwide market and it has grown-up as a large multinational corporation from wherever it started. In 2008 it displaced General Motor and became the largest automobile manufacturer. The Toyota Motor Corporation acquired 51% ownership of Daihatsu, 16.7% ownership of Fuji Heavy Industries and acquired 5.9% of Isuzu Motors Ltd in 2006. The Toyota Motor Corporation is planning to introduce Isuzu diesel technology for the products of Toyota. The Toyota introduced new technologies comprising hybrid gasoline-electric vehicles which are one of the first mass-production and it is sold 2 million in global by 2010. The Toyota accepted The Global Vision 2020, that is established the Guiding Principles at Toyota in 2007. It has drafted management plan from medium to long term and how work Toyota in order to achieve its goal. Likewise, The Toyota always is making decisions and implements changes in terms of achieving goals with changing environment. In this report, first discuss the background to the change affecting Toyota Motor Corporation. In here, try to identify a range of models in Change Management, Factors to change and value of intervention techniques. At the next step, recognise the issues in strategic changes. Then identify the key stakeholders in Toyota, develop systems for understating them and analyse the benefits and drawbacks of these systems. After that explain how the organization can develop strategy for a change with its key stakeholders and for managing resistance to change. Finally, plan to implement a model in order to achieve its goals and discuss how to measure the improvements. TASK 01: BACK GROUND TO THE STRATEGIC CHANGE IN THE ORGANIZATION In terms of achievement of the Global Vision 2020 the Toyota has to change their system according to the plan that they have drafted. Models In Change Management First of all, The Toyota should be explored that the models in change Management which they can follow. Here, we can discuss, Freeze Phases (Developed by Kurt Lewin 1975) Concept of Force Field (By Kurt Lewin) Transition Modal ( by Beckhard 1969) Change through the learning of organization ( By Peter Senge 1992) Change by entrepreneurship ( By Rosabeth Moss Kanter) Freeze Phases (Developed by Kurtt Lewin 1975) This is one of the most useful models we can use for successful change. This is proposed by Kurt Lewin (1975). He discussed the model of change in three steps or three stages as given below. Unfreezing Finding alterations or reductions for change that most employees can understand and accept those factors easily. Changing developing patterns of their behaviours in new attitudes, feedback on new information and new change. Refreezing Supporting devices to make sure the patterns of the new behaviour is maintained. At the stage of Unfreezing, the managers use the threat of competitors from external environment to make sure that employees are jolted out of satisfaction with current situation. At the stage of changing, develop or change the new attitude, behaviour and feedback on new information and implementation of change. At the refreezing, the managers have danger in generating a new system. Concept of Force Field (By Kurt Lewin) This concept also created by Kurt Lewin (1975). When there is a change required by driving forces or restrictive forces motivate to maintain the current situation, this concept of Force Field can apply. Change is possible by identifying driving forces and utilising them while minimising restrictive forces. Organizational Goals and objectives, problems and need Driving Forces Restrictive Forces (Forces Favoured on change) (Forces restricted on change) Current Situation Change through the learning of organization (By Peter Senge 1992) He explained this model by five core competencies involve in creating learning organization. Create a shared vision to make sure that employees are focused on Personal mastery learning by persons who are frequently finding out how creates more of what matter to them. Working with people to overcome their challenge such as unconscious assumptions and to appreciate. Learning about team. The learning organization is required individuals to gather together and work as a team. The systems focus on importance of consideration on interrelationships and networks rather than distribute the problems in to parts and performing with alone. Intensification of factors that driving to change External Triggers to Change Because of the external development the change is necessary. The Toyota should be come to terms with number of external factors including global market share, environmental issues, and changes in demographically and awareness of health. Eventually, these factors will cause to triggers to change. It is very clear that the external triggers are occurred by the direct action (Task Environment) and indirect action (General Environment) of the organization. These changes in both two environments have to be monitored and reacted according to them. When considering the general environment of the Toyota Motor Corporation, those triggers can be discussed under PESTLE. Political effects of new government. As an example, in 2010 the US government required from The Toyota Motor Corporation a penalty of US$16.375 million for its delayed response to the notifying the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Changes in economy such as global competition, fluctuation of exchange rates, activity level of macro economy. As an example, in 2008 The Toyota Motor Corporation had to face the global financial crisis of 2008 and it was in a loss after 70 years. Changes of social or demographic such as education level and changes of expectation or values. Because of the succession of Toyota Team Europe in 1997, The Toyota Motor Corporation decided to implement the TMME, Toyota Motor Europe Marketing Engineering. After two years, The Toyota could create the customer base in the United Kingdom, since the Toyotas cars were very popular among the British people. Changes in Technology such as innovations and developments in product and production process. The Toyota Sienna, popular minivan is programmed to join the hybrid line-up by 2010, and it plans to suggest its entire line-up of cars, SUVs, and trucks with a Hybrid Synergy Drive option by 2030. By 2012 also Toyota hopes to issue an electric version of the RAV4. Implications of the legal environment like government policies. Tariff on Imports introduced by government As an example, in 2010 the US government required from The Toyota Motor Corporation a penalty of US$16.375 million for its delayed response to the notifying the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Environmental implications by legislation The Toyota Motor Corporation is a leader in manufacturing vehicle environment friendly technologies. In 2005, Toyota implemented Fourth Environmental Action Plan. The Task Environment discuses about all stakeholders, those who can effect to the Toyota and who can effected by the Toyota as well. The economist Michael Porter introduced this context and it has five dimensions. Power of Buyer: Develop the new market and search for a new customer base for the products of Toyota. Because of the succession of Toyota Team Europe in 1997, The Toyota Motor Corporation decided to implement the TMME, Toyota Motor Europe Marketing Engineering. After two years, The Toyota could create the customer base in the United Kingdom Power of Suppliers: Seek the new bases of raw materials to make sure that they can supply continuously and stability of the prices of materials. Threatens from its substitute: Develop the awareness of the customers about benefits from the products not reached through substitutions. Entry barriers to the Market: It is good to make the advantages from economies of scale in production which cost savings can be delivered to the customer The degree in rivalry of inter-firm: Put effort on making agreement with the competitors to level of advertising. Internal Triggers to Change The internal triggers will occur as the result of: A new head in the organization When performing external organization by benchmarking exercises Dissatisfaction of the management with the current situation Conflict of the management and employees The system approach highlighting the necessities of interrelationship within subsystem in the Toyota Motor Corporation, such as, Responsibilities that everybody has Technology that they using Employees of the organization Structure of the organization Management of the organization After summarising all the factors which driving to change the organization I can suggest the Concept of Force Field (By Kurt Lewin) is the best model for managing the change in The Toyota Motor Corporation. The Force Field Analysis is really important to identify all the forces which favourable on change and on the other hand it identify forces which are against to the change. In addition to that it helps us to consider the importance of these factors and to make the decision whether the implementation of the plan for change is worth. When we made the decision to carry out the plan, the Force Field Analysis is supported to recognise the changes that we have to make to improve it. TASK 02: UNDERSTAND ABOUT THE ISSUES IN STRATECIG CHANGE According to the explanation of Richard Daft (1998) there are some key parameters that would be observed for the purpose of succession of change in the organization. Needs and Ideas for the change If there is not a perceived need for the change, ideas not considered seriously. When managers identified the gap between predicted performance and the actuals performance, the perceived need arise. Success of change would be difficult whereas the organisational culture is very strong or interest is obliged by internal stability. Ability to adopt When the decision makers of the organization decided to go ahead with the suggested Idea, Adoption will occur. The top managers and employees of the organisation should be agreed to support for the change. Sometimes the decision might be required by signing a legal document by the directors in occasions such as acquisition of ownership in another company. For any small changes, the formal approval of the middle management is enough. Available resources Resources requires at the time of scheming, planning, and implementing of the change and reinforcing change as well. Most of the innovations are going over the budgeted funds and requires special funds. Implementation When the organisation decided to make a plan to utilise new ideas, techniques or a system, the implementation will occur. This would be happened to a system that already exists such as, approval system for capital spending, budgeting process for departments or divisions. The organization should be acquired the equipment and materials and the employees should be trained to use their ideas. Managerial Barriers to the Change The Managers can generate barriers for the benefits of change. The management can generate mistakes by ignoring their objectives, availability of materials or resources and the alternatives they able to undertake. There are several factors to describe by Daft and they are discussing as a framework for this issue. Extreme focus on costs The management always possess by mind-set that the most importance thing is cost and they forget to appreciate that the cost is not the most important thing for the change, as an example when we suppose to change employee motivation or customer satisfaction at higher level. Unless the forthcoming yields are considerable, when performance of an idea that cost more than existing applies, is unlikely to be accepted. Failures in highlighting benefits Both negative and positive responses will be produced by any kind of changes. The managers should be perceived more positive aspects than the negative aspects of the change and education would be helpful for the manager to achieve this. Lack of corporation and coordination ability Because of the lack of coordination to the implementation of the change, organizational conflict and fragmentation will be resulted. In addition to that, the old and new systems might not be compatible. Sometimes, the progress at the operational level may be seriously slow and the performance of the new system is not known. This type of problem will arise in projects that re-engineering the business process since, failure to assume properly that how thing are going on currently. Uncertainty avoidance The managers fear uncertainty related to the change at the single level. To avoid this situation communication should be strong horizontally. Then the team may know how process is going on and they can understand the how the change will impact on their duties. Fears on Loss- Fear of loss are related to uncertainty of avoidance. Managers may feel fear not only about their status and authority but also about their jobs. TASK 03: IDENTIFY THE RESPONSES TO CHANGE BY THE STAKEHOLDERS AND OVERCOMING THE RESISTANCE FOR CHANGE The all activities of The Toyota Motor Corporation are directly associated with its key holders such as shareholders, customers, employees, competitors and etc. So, it is really important to concentrate about stakeholders responses on change. The organizational goals and The Global Vision 2020 of Toyota is affected by performance and work return and the responses by its stake holders. Therefore it is very essential to create a positive image of the strategic change for both Toyota and its stakeholders. The stakeholders of the Toyota highly concentrate on benefits that they could have through the strategic change. The shareholders of Toyota Motor Corporation are seeking higher return for their investments, the employees are expecting salary increment and as well as good working environment in their working places and customers are expecting batter value for their investments on Toyota Vehicles due to the strategic change in Toyota Motor Corporation. Consequently if there is any failure on strategic Change in Toyota it will badly effect on response of stakeholders. Therefore the responses of the stakeholders to change are really important to make decision on Strategic Change. Because the strategic change, can be accepted or rejected by the stakeholders. How Attitudes of stakeholders will effect on Strategic Change Resistance on change can be forecast if the change is inevitable. As the responsible persons in the organization, top management of Toyota Motor Corporation should be focus on how and why resistance to change grows within the organization. Torrington and Weightman (1994) distinguish the different types of change experience. Imposition, Commenced by The Toyota from on High Adaptation, make changes in behaviors or attitudes of stakeholders Growth, favorable responses for opportunities Creativity, when stakeholders are initiator and they in control The imposition complies with resistance, adaptation complies with uncertainty, growth complies with delight and creativity complies with excitement. Therefore the management of the Toyota need be strong with skills to, Overcome the resistance or find other alternatives for change methods. Win the uncertainty Encourage the stakeholders and subordinates to get favorable response. There are some spectrum conceivable reactions to the objective of the change programme. Enthusiastic Corporation, acceptance or corporation under pressure from the management. Inactive Resignation Loss of interest, Least Contribution, Indifference Inactive Resistance non-learning behavior, regressive behavior Active Resistance working to rule, least work, protest, sabotages, obligating errors, Organizational change always encounter certain resistance may be simple. The change can be threatened by resistance but it is not amazement. Reasons for the resistance can be summarized as follows, Poor understanding about nature of the strategic change and what are the reason for that strategic change Believes of stakeholders: they think that their personal goals and interest would be threatened due to strategic change. Contradictory assessment on costs and advantages of the strategic change for the Toyota Motor Corporation. Lack of confidence about initializing the change and their intentions These clarifications for the resistance can be explained by concentrating on strategic change at individual level and then small group in the organization. Resistance by employees of working groups or informal group is possible to pose more troubles for the Management of the organization. Overcome the resistance to change Because of the poor understanding and the poor communication, resistance may be occurred. Though, if there are any serious matters for the resistance, a complex approach would be required. The management of the organization should be able to adopt with flexible approach to manage the strategic change and identify the main contingent issues in every situation. The managers should be able to identify the different types of resistance. Ignoring : I dont have enough information to make decision Delay for the judgment : I can wait and see how it going on for the decision Self-justifying Stances: Ooh Other solutions are better than me. this will not work Scarcity: I cant allow this to proceed. It is very costly Worry: I am sure. I cant work on this new system Disaffection: this is separate from my duty and from my division Experienced refusal: We tried on this before and it was failed Loss of Authority: It has to give up control Avoidance: I am not interest to computers Resistance may be meeting with face to face conflict. Normally it will indicate that the objectives of the organization had not been explained properly. It is better to listen the complaints, let the annoyance surface and finally makes calm behavior in all circumstances of conflict. Six Methods to overcome the resistance Develop the Education and Communication Improve the involvement and participating Providing supports and Facilitation Make better negotiation and agreement Improve cooperation and Manipulation Explicit and implicit coercion (Kotter and Schlesinger -1979) When we try to implement last two methods will raise legal and ethical problems. And also cause to make the situation worse. These methods are not mutually exclusive but managers make the decision in effective way by combining them. TASK 04 IDENTIFYING APPROPRIATE MODELS FOR THE STRATEGIC CHANGE AND MEASURING THE EXPECTATION OF STRATEGIC CHANGE The implementation of strategic can be valued, to make sure the ongoing change. For the implementation of strategic change we can establish monitoring and review techniques. The strategic change would be able to implement within the Toyotas stakeholders for the purpose of achieving Global Vision 2020. When we implement the strategic plan to the organization we have to implement it step by step. We can suggest a change process as follow: Recognize the problems in the Toyota Motor Corporation Observe the reasons for those problems and analyze the solutions to overcome them Select and plan alternative solution Implement the planned solutions Communicate the learning process and allow organization to deal with ongoing change (Senior and Fleming 2006) The managers can state the strategic change plan by allocating employees into separate teams and instructing them. Therefore each team automatically will used to implement the strategic plan easily. Making teams within the organization is very essential to evaluate strategic changes. The outcomes should be able to monitor and evaluate the performance of team workers for the successful implementation. The management can introduce incentive scheme for the best team for the purpose of motivation through success in strategic management by monitoring and evaluating the each team. According to my point of view, I can suggest the Concept of Force Field (By Kurt Lewin) is the best model for managing the change in The Toyota Motor Corporation. The Force Field Analysis is really important to identify all the forces which favourable on change and on the other hand it identify forces which are against to the change. In addition to that it helps us to consider the importance of these factors and to make the decision whether the implementation of the plan for change is worth. As an example, when The Toyota Motor Corporation target to issue an electric version of the RAV4 by 2012. Target to issue an electric version of the RAV4 by 2012 Driving Forces Restrictive Forces Customer wants new product Loss of staff overtime Improve speed of production Cost Raise volume output Staff afraid to new technology Control rising maintenance Cost Environmental impact (Forces Favoured on change) (Forces restricted on change) Current Situation We can use action plan to review the process of implementation. In addition realize the present position in the organization after the strategic change. By using action plan we can recognize the time frame and difference between expected level and actual level of the strategic change in the organization. By recording, keeping, monitoring and evaluating the changes we can make sure the on-going change in organization. We can check whether expected performance have achieved by stakeholders through the strategic management by measuring actual performance. CONCLUSION This report deeply discussed the application of the Strategic Change Management in worlds fifth biggest company, Toyota Motor Corporation. According to the Vision of the Toyota, Good corporate citizen, they focus on constantly winning the trust and respect of the international community. The Toyota Motor Corporation always adopt with business environment for the purpose of long term growth. In terms of achievement of the Global Vision 2020 the Toyota has to change their system according to the plan that they have drafted. Because of the external development the change is necessary. The Toyota should be come to terms with number of external factors including global market share, environmental issues, and changes in demographically and awareness of health. Eventually, these factors will cause to triggers to change. The all activities of The Toyota Motor Corporation are directly associated with its key holders such as shareholders, customers, employees, competitors and etc. So, it is really important to concentrate about stakeholders responses on change. The organizational goals and The Global Vision 2020 of Toyota is affected by performance and work return and the responses by its stake holders. Therefore it is very essential to create a positive image of the strategic change for both Toyota and its stakeholders.

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