Outsourcing and insourcing and their roles within a telecommunications context

Outsourcing is the process in which an organization transfers ownership of a business process to another company. In other words, it is the process in which a company contracts the services of another company in performing a specific task which would otherwise have been undertaken by in-house employees. Many large companies distribute some of their processes like payroll processing and call center services to separate companies which specialize in them.Insourcing is the opposite of outsourcing and it involves the transfer of specific processes within an organization’s operational framework to an internal but totally stand-alone unit which specializes only in that particular process. Insourcing is practiced by organizations who wish to have more control of critical processes and is intended to give the organizations a higher probability of instilling required levels of competence in employees or units serving in specific areas of operation. Within the telecommunications framewo rk, outsourcing and insourcing find wide applications.Many companies prefer to contract the services of separate companies which specialize in call center operations to offer customer support. Outsourcing I also used in telecommunications in installation. If a telecommunications company is in the process of installing infrastructure, it will most likely contract a company which deals with installation to offer this service. Outsourcing is the preferred mode of executing processes which do not occur continuously. Insourcing is used to execute telecommunications processes that occur continuously and need to be monitored in real time by the company.These could include network management, billing and sales. I prefer outsourcing since it delegates the responsibility of specialized processes to people who are sufficiently competent in that particular process as they only specialize in it. Outsourcing minimizes the expenditure incurred in training a specialized unit to perform specific tas ks which could only happen occasionally, and it also leaves the traditional workforce in an organization with ample time to deal with other priorities. The firm does not need to cater for employee benefits of the people assigned these tasks.

Jared Diamond. the Worst Mistake in the History Essay

Jared Diamond. â€Å"The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race† Jared Diamond writes about the consequences of agriculture on the human race. He suggests that the earliest farming societies did not have an easier more productive lifestyle than hunter-gatherer societies, contrary to popular belief. For example, the Kalahari Bushmen spend a mere average of 12 to 19 hours a week to getting food, and on average sleep a lot, work less hard, and have more free time than people in hunter- gatherer societies. Another consequence agriculture had on humans is their diets. Hunter-gatherers eat many various wild plants and animals; therefore, they have better nutrition than farmers who generally only eat the limited variety of crops they produce. For example, the Kalahari Bushmen’s daily intake was 2,140 calories and 93 grams of protein, whereas farmers gave up good nutritional crops for cheap calories found in their starchy crops. In my own opinion, I believe that Diamond’s paper is for the most part skewed for the reason that he has a great anti-progressivist bias. Whenever Diamond makes a direct comparison between farming and hunter- gatherer societies, he shows all the positives for hunter-gatherer and the negatives for farmer societies. For example, when Diamond is comparing the nutrition of the two societies, he talks about the balance of nutrients and diet, he mentions that the Kalahari Bushmen eat a variety of over 75 different wild plants and receive more calories than needed. On the other hand, he mentions the fact that thousands of Irish farmers died during the potato famine during the 1840’s. Another example of how Diamond’s bias towards the gatherer side affects the paper is when he tries to compare the Bushmen to the Ethiopian farmers. The comparison is trying to show that being a gatherer is a better choice by comparing Kalahari Bushmen to the Ethiopian farmers. This is not an equal comparison because he uses the Kalahari Bushmen who are apparently above average on nutrition and one of the most successful Hunter-gatherer societies to one of the lower, undernourished farming societies in Ethiopia.

Social Impacts and Threats of IT

Over the last 40-50 years the impact IT has had on our lives and our society is astonishing! There are many different impacts associated with this topic, a few of which are Social, Economical, Legal and Ethnical. We rely on IT systems to do the simple things we take for granted in our day-to-day lives such as: media, entertainment (gaming and television), advertising (products and services) etc. IT has developed more than ever over the past decade and although we may not notice how IT has changed, it is constantly altering everything we do in our everyday lives. Many people nowadays take the use of IT for granted. Social Impacts How we spend out extra time Currently in the U.K a staggering 97% of people in the U.K have a PC or a computer of some sort in their homes. However, in this day and age most people use a computer as part of everyday life, whether it is for work or socialising. Nowadays most young people in the U.K spend a large quantity of their time on the computer. It is thought that on average a normal teenager spends around 31 hours a week on the computer alone and a mind-blowing nine of these hours are on social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace etc. Although for many of our Grandparents and even our Parents this was very different! Nowadays young people are constantly being nagged by Grandparents and Parents about spending too much time indoors and not enough outdoors. We are told that we spend far too much of our time inside (playing computer games or watching television) and that we do not spend nearly enough time outside getting the fresh air that our body needs. It is thought that this younger generation seems to have a lot more recreational time than the older, previous generations. It is obvious that people of the older generations did not have nearly as much free time on their hands as we do today. As nearly all of their time was taken up by working, chores and other tasks and duties. However, for us many of these chores have been made easier by various IT solutions throughout the years. Saving time and effort for us today and as a result leaving us much more free time. Effects on local communities Now as a result of internet development, there are 1000’s of new and diversified websites that are available to consumers, offering them a wider and larger selection of goods and services online. Consequently some traditional facilities, such as local clothing shops, continue to lose customers and are subsequently forced to close down as they are no longer needed within the society. Another prime reason for this reoccurring problem is that people are becoming increasingly laid-back and don’t want to have to take a trip into the shops when they can just order everything they need to their doorstep from the comfort of their own homes. As more local shops close down there is less work within this industry and the immediate area. This can have a very negative effect on the local community. Economic Impacts Employment structure and working practices IT has changed the foundation of how people work in many different occupations. Good examples of occupations that have been transformed by the Impact of IT include typists who typed letters on a typewriter and administrators who used to keep paper based records. Now as well as IT transforming the methods of work in many other occupations, new jobs have been created, giving people the chance to develop new skills within the Information Technology industry. In addition to this IT is now an essential part and key skill to many jobs today and is further required 90% of all employers! With Internet access extensively available throughout the world, many people can communicate and work away from their office and in the comfort of their own home as it may suit their lifestyle better. This is now a very popular option for several employees. Sustainability Computers are not all good. There are negative points and various problems related to the invention of the computer. Computers use a high amount of power and electricity and with so many in homes, businesses and even schools; this is becoming a foremost problem and a colossal contribution to energy consumption and other issues relating to this such as climate change! Additionally, people are overjoyed and excited when new and more modern versions of the computer are developed because it means there is a new and better way of doing things that make life that extra bit easier. However, behind the scenes this is not good, it is a huge problem. The question many people in our society today forget to ask ourselves is where does the old computer equipment that we no longer need or use go? As a result of not enough people caring where the disposal of unwanted electrical equipment (not only computers) goes this problem is handed over to the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE Directive 2007). Under the rules and regulations of this organisation, the manufactures of electrical equipment are obligated to provide consumers that purchase a new piece of electrical equipment a method of disposing of the apparatus that their purchase is replacing. Legal Impacts Ownership, copyright and plagiarism When using information or data that is not your own work it is important that you recognize that copyright of the creator. In the United Kingdom the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 gives the authors of written work, music and films rights to control the ways that their material may be used. However because music and films are so easy to download over the internet, many people break this law and use the internet to steal material in copyright. Some people even set up file sharing web services that allow users to share and view copyrighted material, mainly films and music. As well as copyright, plagiarism is an increasing problem and is commonly found within schools. Most school children today view plagiarism as â€Å"changing it into their own words† and don’t really recognise or grasp the concept that is it illegal! Plagiarism is commonly carried out in assignment work submitted by learners in schools, colleges, and even universities. You are allowed to quote other peoples work as long as you recognise the source of information, however you are not allowed (and it is illegal) to pass other peoples work off as your own. Ethnical Impacts Privacy of information Currently with so much personal and private information stored on computers, personal privacy has become a problem. Nowadays almost every small characteristic and proportion of your life is recorded on a computer, including who you call on your mobile phone, what you search for on search engines such as Google, your medical records and even you relatives. Social Networking sites such as Facebook, MySpace, Twitter etc are becoming a major problem when relating to privacy. Millions and millions of people all over the world have an account of some sort on a social networking site, many people put up pictures of themselves and post blogs and wall posts of exactly where they will be and exactly what time they will be there. As a result of this, it could be dangerous as many of these sites are not secured properly. However personal information about living individuals is protected by the Data Protection Act (1998). The Data Protection Act is a law passed in 1998 that requires companies that store personal information about people on their computers, to register with the Data Protection Registrar which obligates them to keep to the eight Data Protection Principles. Unequal Access Although there are numerous different benefits of Internet access, what happens to the people who can’t get high speed access to the internet? Local and national implications In the United Kingdom many people who live in rural or countryside areas are not able to get broadband internet access because of the location in which they live in. Many telephone and cable companies refuse to lay down cables which allow people in the countryside to receive internet access because they believe that the cost of laying down the cables would be a lot higher than that of what the customer have to pay to receive the broadband connection. Another prime contribution to this problem is age, some elderly people may find it difficult to understand and interpret new technology. As many services such as banking and utilities (for example electricity and oil) become progressively more internet-based, many older people might find it hard to access these facilities. They could also be placed at an economic disadvantage as many goods and services are mostly cheaper online than that of their usual ways. For example many oil suppliers offer a discounted rate if people manage their accounts online. It is also good to remember that Internet access in not free and not everyone can afford to pay Internet charges therefore it is putting less economically stabled families at a disadvantage compared to more economically stabled families. Global implications Many people in today’s society that live in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDC’S) may too find it difficult to receive internet access. Today many aspects of development such as economic and educational rely on the internet and computer skills. For some people who do not have access to this they are in danger of being left further behind. Sometimes people call the divide between the people who don’t have easy access to computer technologies and those who do the digital divide. Now as a result of unequal access a number projects have been set up, such as One Laptop per Child to help develop low-cost computing solutions. Abuse of IT The same as many other great things in life, all great things have a drawback and in IT this is no different especially with the internet. There are many different threats and exasperations that all IT users need to be conscious and aware of. Threats Cyber Bullying Around 10 percent of all adolescents’ are victims of internet bullying. This type of bullying can be a scary and worrying problem and in turn can be more serious than conventional bullying. There are many different ways that and methods that can be used, including social networking sites, SMS, e-mails and chartrooms. Many Cyber bullies encourage their friends to join in the bullying and therefore are all bullying the one person collectively as a group. Spam Spam is unwanted e-mail advertising. If you have an e-mail account you will generally receive e-mails that are advertisements most of which are annoying and have the potential to be dangers and harmful to your computer or PC. However e-mail users need to be cautious and aware when opening attachments in e-mails as they could contain viruses. Phishing Phishing is a method, used by criminals, to try and acquire information such as usernames, passwords and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy individual in an electronic communication service. A widely used method that almost all phishing criminals use is they send people an e-mail disguised as if it is coming from their bank. The e-mail usually tells them to then click a link within the e-mail which then directs them to a page that looks like the log-on screen to their online bank account. However, the web page is under complete control of the criminals’ and therefore allows them to determine the victim’s username, password and various other security details. After this the criminals then use this information to gain access to the victim’s bank account and go on to steal money out of it. Denial of service attacks A denial of service attack (DOS attack) or distributed denial of service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its intended users. Although the means to carry out, motives for, and targets of a DoS attack may vary, it generally consists of the determined efforts of a person, or multiple people to prevent an Internet site or service from working efficiently or at all, temporarily or indefinitely. Perpetrators of DoS attacks typically targets sites or services hosted on high-profile web servers such as banks and credit card payment gateways.

Development and the Environment- Human interventions in forest Essay

Development and the Environment- Human interventions in forest environments - Essay Example This paper will discuss various human activities that currently contribute to the tropical rainforest deforestation and the intensity of their effects specifically in Latin American and Asian regions. The activities that lead to deforestation According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat, the main reason behind deforestation is agriculture. While subsistence farming causes 48% of the destruction, cash crop cultivation or commercial cultivation leads to 32% loss followed by logging and fuel wood with 14% and 5% each. Geist, & Lambin (2002) also report four reasons behind 96% of deforestation; they are permanent cropping, cattle ranching, shifting cultivation and colonization. Shifted cultivators In fact, shifted cultivators are considered the biggest threat to tropical forests and they are the reason behind 48% of the total forest loss. The main reason that forces these people into forests is the unequal distribution of land. For example, in Brazil, 42% of the total cultivated land is owned by 1% of the population. In addition, according to World Rainforest Movement (n.d.), half of Brazil’s total population is landless farmers. ... Logging The role of logging in deforestation cannot be neglected. Big logging companies cut down trees for their commercial uses. However, it is not only the selected trees that are destroyed; the vines, epiphytes and lianas are all destroyed along with the tree which will take many hundreds of years to regenerate. In addition, for the removal of the wood, they construct new roads and the area gets heavily compacted by machinery leading to a further decline in the quality of the land. Furthermore, the roads constructed by these loggers are used by the farmers around the forests to get access to the deep forests. When these farmers start slash and burn to grow food, the impact of the issue grows manifold. Cattle ranching and cash crops Another serious issue is the modern day agricultural practices. The first among them is the monoculture plantations which are solely aimed at making quick money. However, the impact of this agricultural practice is unimaginable. In addition, a lot of ma chinery, fertilizers and pesticides are used to make maximum profit in the shortest possible time. This intensive farming leads to a rapid fall in the quality of the soil in a few years. The severity of cattle ranching practices is more or less the same. Cattle ranching leads to the destruction of more and more land and the land so damaged will not support any plant or animals for a long time. Fuel wood A per reports, about 2 billion people worldwide still depend on wood for cooking and heating. Considering the huge number of the people, one can easily imagine the magnitude of the issue. In addition, according to United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization, 75% of these people

Progress Report For the dissertation (Social Media in the UK) Essay

Progress Report For the dissertation (Social Media in the UK) - Essay Example This is to primarily find out whether there is a relationship/correlation between the social media and VOD bookings in the UK. The research processes include; descriptive research, exploratory research, predictive research, and explanatory research. Explanatory research outlines an explanation of particular phenomenon/happenings while analysing its characteristics through discovery and measurement of causal relationships From the research, the data results indicated that there was a positive correlation between tweets to VOD booking. This leads to the conclusion that Twitter directly influences the VOD bookings. The more a hashtag of a VOD trends on the platform the more the VOD bookings. A hashtag is a way for prople in twitter search for the tweets that have mutual topic. The conclusion of these findings recommends that released VOD to use social media including Facebook Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube, and other platforms to promote their new released videos. Acquisition of these media platforms needs to have a good plan and be in line with the organizations goals. Media literacy has been on the rise and people in the Great Britain have gained knowledge, skills and understanding that enable them to make them most out of the opportunities presented by the new world wide web communication channels (Espley, Carpentier and Medjkoune, 2014). People have also been able to protect themselves and their families as a whole from the risks related to social media such as catfishing and also to manage the contents and communications through the media literacy. Research findings have shown that more adults in the UK, most specifically the older adults are now finding their way online by use of various devices (Gupta, Nicholson and Newman, 2012). Generally, what is observed in a number of organizations is far much less in the way contemporary social media is trifling stuff and more

Trials and Verdicts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Trials and Verdicts - Assignment Example Later, Davis appealed by claiming that the location evidence, which the prosecution used without obtaining a warrant, violated his rights contained in the Fourth Amendment. The 11th US Circuit Court of the Appeals did not overturn Davis’s sentence and applied â€Å"good faith† exception to cushion the prosecution from punishment stemming from unconstitutional reliance on the law. The district was appropriate for handling the Davis’s case. The district courts have a jurisdiction to handle the trials of criminal, as well as the civil nature. The federal court district has a mandate to decide a case. It is noteworthy that the federal district court is the starting point of all cases that arise under constitution, statutes, and treats. In this regard, the Miami district court was suitable for conducting the trial and sentencing the defendant. Notably, the court did not contradict its mandate as stipulated in the federal court system. In essence, the district court appropriately handled and decided the case. The defendant entered a plea bargain after admitting that he killed Nancy Cooper and subsequently dumped her body in a drainage ditch on Fielding Drive. The police investigation indicated that the offender had strangled Nancy before dumping her in a ditch. The prosecutors argued that Cooper killed Nancy because the latter had planned to divorce him during the trial (Blythe, 2014). Nancy’s family had been waiting for the guilty plea to know who exactly killed Nancy. Superior Court Judge Paul Gessner posed the question to Bradley Cooper to inform the court whether he murdered his wife. Bradley pleaded guilty to the second-degree murder in 2014 although he had maintained he was not guilty of the first-degree murder since 2008. Cooper received a less sentence of twelve years in prison and a credit of 2,156 days that he had already served (Blythe, 2014). In my opinion, the Nancy’s family received a fair justice. Nancy’s death and circumstances

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 13

History - Essay Example Note the Confucius section is the last section of your paper and incorporates your experience from the two individual studies. There is only one Confucius section, not one for each individual   Thomas Jefferson was one of the most significant figures in U.S. History. He played a central role in the revolution; however, his most important contribution to the development of the new nation was his work on the Declaration of Independence. Indeed, Jefferson could be described as the most important of the Founding Fathers. Jefferson was born in1743 to a prominent Virginian farming family. Like most children from well-to-do families in the South he was well educated, studying Latin, Greek and eventually Law and philosophy at the College of William and Mary (Whitehouse.org). It is here that Jefferson was introduced to the British Enlightenment thinking of John Locke, Francis Bacon and Newton – three figures who were to have an enormous impact on Jefferson’s own political views (Peterson 1236). Upon graduating Jefferson practised law and entered Virginian political life. It was here that Jefferson began his more radical writing, protesting against the introduction of what he considered the implementation of unfair laws by the British Parliament (Remini 34). Jefferson was involved in the Second Continental Congress which produced his most famous and enduring document; the Declaration of Independence. After the Revolutionary War Jefferson entered re-entered politics serving as Governor of Vir ginia, a member of the new Congress, Ambassador to France, Secretary of State, and ultimately, the third President of the United States (McPherson 2000: 28-29). Jefferson made tremendous contributions to the evolutions and development of the Untied States. The three most important were, however, the creation of the Declaration if Independence, his co-founding of what was to become the Democratic-Republican party, and his actions during his Presidency – namely the

Data Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Data Analysis - Essay Example The mean and standard deviation of the five sample data are 192.4 and 39.9554 respectively. From the sample data, the highest weight is 25o while the least weight is 140 hence resulting to a range of 110. The data is positively skewed with the figure standing at 0.311. Unlike in the box and whisker plot above, the graph above does not show a normal curve. There exists some outliers in the data hence the no normal distribution. The curve starts in a normal shape, deeps a bit then resumes to normal distribution. The whisker plot and the curve are different hence the data does not follow the Empirical Rule. In statistics the accuracy of the results is positively correlated to the number of the data variables. This explains the difference in mean and SD for the population and the sample variables. The population mean for the entire team is 214.3 pounds and population standard deviation for the entire team is 44.6 pounds. On the other hand, the sample mean and standard deviation are 192.4 and 39.9554 respectively. There is a big difference in terms of the statistics because of the difference in the number of data. In a nutshell; using the sample data the average weight of a football player is 192.4, while using the population data the average weight is 214.3. This gives 21.9 differences in mean. This is a very significant figure that cannot be assumed hence the sample statistics do not fairly represent the population parameters. The whisker plot and the normal curve both shows similar results in terms of mean and standard deviation. However, in terms of normal distribution these two analysis tools differ with whisker plots showing a normal distribution while the curve shows the opposite. In conclusion; the sample statistics does not give a good representation of the total population hence to ensure accurate measurement of the team’s weight then the number of data should be increased or the whole population data should be

SWOT Analysis for EasyJet Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SWOT Analysis for EasyJet - Case Study Example EasyJet is based on short haul air transport in a price in-elastic target segment and based on the concept that is that if prices are reduced, more people will fly. EasyJet flies to 33 locations in Europe with a fleet of over 120 aircraft and sells over 95% of its tickets through the internet. SWOT Analysis of EasyJet The SWOT analysis of a company examines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats faced by the company. Key success factors of the company can be identified from such an analysis and recommendations can be made leveraging on the strengths and opportunities of the company while trying to mitigate the threats and overcome the weakness of the company. There are both micro and macro economic factors influencing the opportunities and threats of EasyJet in the market place. Strengths EasyJet mission statement documents all that the company stands for and represents the key strengths of the company. It states, "To provide our customers with safe, good value, point-to-point air services. To effect and to offer a consistent and reliable product and fares appealing to leisure and business markets on a range of European routes. To achieve this we will develop our people and establish lasting relationships with our suppliers." In addition, the strengths of EasyJet come from the key concepts adopted by it, which is pitfall of traditional large airlines. The concepts include eliminating unnecessary costs and 'frills', which characterise 'traditional' airlines such as (1) Use of the Internet to reduce distribution costs - approximately 95 % of all seats are sold over the Internet, making EasyJet one of Europe's biggest Internet retailers (2) Maximise the utilisation of the substantial assets... In spite of various threats in the market place, EasyJet is a well-established player in the low cost airline segment in Europe and is poised to grow leveraging on their strengths and utilising opportunities available in the market. Though at a micro economic level various changes can be done, macro economic changes at a larger scale will have more benefit and impact for the growth of EasyJet and a few key areas of improvement for growth would include: Target newer markets – The US, Trans Atlantic flights and newer destinations are area of growth; Ã' ontrol costs by becoming a larger player more quickly and have the efficiencies from scale of operation. This could be by merging or buying out a US airline like Air Tran or Jet Blue or other smaller European competitors like Buzz or Niki Air, etc.; aggressive bid for new slots at airports, lock in further volumes of new aircraft from Airbus.

Strategic Choice and Evaluation Paper for Garmin Company Essay

Strategic Choice and Evaluation Paper for Garmin Company - Essay Example Despite of that, the company needs to bring in some more products through the grand strategy called as â€Å"Product Development†. This strategy will not only enhance the product breadth of company but will also support in competing with major rivals as well as creating a sustainable position in market. The process of Product Development must be conducted by taking assistance from another grand strategy which is widely implemented by electronic companies today. This strategy is called as â€Å"Innovation† strategy. Garmin Co. must utilize the best available technology in order to manufacture the best quality of electronic products. The company can also transform its innovation strategies to its competitive edge. In this manner, it would be difficult for competitors to compete with Garmin and it can also direct the company to the position of market leader in a period of next 10 to 20 years. Garmin possesses an innovative mind-set as well as all the required resources in order to pursue its business and compete with its competitors. It is important for Garmin to examine the ways through which it can bring in new products in an innovative manner (Feather, 2010). The above mentioned two grand strategies are recommended because in order to compete with intense competition, Garmin needs to pursue the competition by providing better products and services. After a complete range of products has been established, Garmin should remain consistent with its quality and pricing so that it can retain its customers. This idea will not only help Garmin in building up its brand image but also will generate substantial revenues that would assist the company in long

Enrichment Units Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Enrichment Units - Assignment Example student benefit from all the units, it is fundamental to begin by teaching CCSS: MATH.CONTENT.4.OA.B.4, CCSS.MATH.CONTENT.4.OA.C.5, CCSS.MATH.CONTENT.8.EE.A.1, and CCSS.MATH.CONTENT.8.EE.A.2 in that order. CCSS: MATH.CONTENT.4.OA.B.4 is an important enrichment unit to every student. It mainly deals with operations and algebraic thinking and focuses on gain familiarity and multiples. I chose this because it deepens my understanding of factors and multiples of whole numbers. For instance in solving mathematical puzzles. The combination of math learning with movement gives me multiple ways to engage my brain for instance Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences and to cement the learning. CCSS.MATH.CONTENT.4.OA.C.5 5 enables me to generate and analyze patterns. This involves generating a number or shape pattern that follows a given rule. For instance it helped me solve number sequence and series mathematical problems. I also chose CCSS.MATH.CONTENT.8.EE.A.1 because it helped me to learn how to apply the concepts of integer exponents to give equivalent numerical expressions. This will simplify my work when working out complicated mathematical problems. This rules will also help me know how to handle exponents for instance when multiplying variables with same base, the two exponents are added. CCSS.MATH.CONTENT.8.EE.A.2 is appropriate when it comes to learning root and cube roots. It also shows students that perfect squares and perfect cubes are integers that result from the squaring or cubing of another integer. It is important for students also to understand that they can find the square root of any positive number and zero. Its also crucial that students know the variation between rational and irrational numbers In conclusion, all the Common Core Standards are important in enrichment units. As seen above, students are advised to learn these units to enable them have a better understanding of the other units ahead. However, this website

Sources of Power Essay Example for Free

Sources of Power Essay Power is very important in any organization whether it’s in the public or private sector. A person’s title or position determines the level of power they have to change policies and/or organizational structures. The ability to convince others, to lead others to your own conclusion, to use logic and facts to make people believe you are right. Power is a possessive word that possesses authority above others. The author of 5 Sources of Power in an Organization by Paul Merchant states†¦five sources of power, namely: coercive, referent, legitimate, expert and reward power. Legitimate Power Legitimate power is also considered positional power because a person’s position determines the amount of power they have. Every job position in an organization requires that there are employees of many levels, and that a lower level employee reports to a higher level manager. A great leader should be prepared to deal with their employees in various aspects as all employees are not the same. A greater leader earns the respect of its employees or team member by proving their worth and their ability to lead and manage well. Merchant states, Legitimate power is also known as positional power. Its derived from the position a person holds in an organizations hierarchy. An example of legitimate power is that held by a companys CEO. Expert power An expert in a subject matter is knowledgeable and can be a resource to those that are looking for pertinent information to complete a task. This source of power ties into the meaning of legitimate power. Those whom have earned the power are most certainly experts. As expressed by Merchant; Possession of expert power is normally a stepping stone to other sources of power such as legitimate power. For example, a person who holds expert power can be promoted to senior management, thereby giving him legitimate power. Referent Power Merchant speaks of referent power and refers to this type of power as, in other words, power achieved â€Å"by association†. Referent power is derived from the interpersonal relationships that a person cultivates with other people in the organization. People possess reference power when others respect and like them. Referent power arises from charisma, as the charismatic person influences others via the admiration, respect and trust others have for her. Referent power is also derived from personal connections that a person has with key people in the organizations hierarchy, such as the CEO. Its the perception of the personal relationships that she has that generates her power over others. Coercive Power Coercive power is a source of modern day bullying in the workplace. Some managers enjoy this type of power because they are not concerned about having a harmonious work environment, but rather a hostile one. Coercion is used to control. An example used by Merchant is a persons ability to influence others via threats, punishments or sanctions. A junior staff member may work late to meet a deadline to avoid disciplinary action from his boss. Reward Power Everyone loves to be acknowledged and rewarded for great work, and many people would love to be rewarded monetarily. This source of power can be a blessing and curse depending on how it’s used. If it is used fairly then it can be a great incentive but if not then it will create a hostile or chaotic environment within an organization. Reward power arises from the ability of a person to influence the allocation of incentives in an organization. These incentives include salary increments, positive appraisals and promotions. In an organization, people who wield reward power tend to influence the actions of other employees. Constituent Group: NAACP The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Color People) is a constituent group that fights for civil rights. This organization has been in existence for over one hundred years. This nonprofit organization generates funds primarily through membership dues as well as corporate and individual donations. The NAACP has a lot of power mainly legitimate power. There are committee members from all work backgrounds. The NAACP uses its power to fight for the right of the protected class (African American). A local issue in Houston, TX is they are fighting to keep a predominantly black school district open that is a low performing school district. Another issue that is more recent is the potential closure of a middle school in the Houston area in the largest school district in Houston that happens to be in the predominantly black area. Public Influence The NAACP has had tremendous influence on the public decisions. Over a year ago the Region 4 TEA (Teacher Education Agency) of Texas recommended that the previously mentioned school district North Forest Independent School district closes permanently because of its low performance throughout the years. The NAACP along with various other community leaders was able to convince school leaders to keep the school district open to allow the chance for improvement. Now this district faces closure again, but the community leaders along with the NAACP say that they will fight tooth and nail to keep this low performing district open. Power is an important thing for leaders to have. Some use it well to their advantage and some abuse it. Many politicians and public figures use their power to launder money and for their benefit; which is totally inappropriate. The type of power one uses determines on the outcome of their followers. Leaders and managers must know how to lead and manage to be successful. Those characteristics are important to have in order for one to be successful. Power is very important in any organization whether it’s in the public or private sector. A person’s title or position determines the level of power they have to change policies and/or organizational structures. The ability to convince others, to lead others to your own conclusion, to use logic and facts to make people believe you are right. Power is a possessive word that possesses authority above others. The author of 5 Sources of Power in an Organization by Paul Merchant states†¦five sources of power, namely: coercive, referent, legitimate, expert and reward power.

Jean Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development

Jean Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget, best known for his work in developmental psychology, was born in Neuchà ¢tel, Switzerland, on August 9, 1896. As a child, Piaget found his mother to be neurotic which led him to an interest in psychology. As the oldest child, Piaget was very independent and at the age of ten he published his first scientific paper on the albino sparrow allegedly to convince the librarian he was not a child. In Piagets adolescence his mother urged him to study religion which he found to be childish. Instead, he decided to devote his time to discovering the biological explanation of knowledgethrough the study of philosophy and the application of logic. This failed Piaget in his quest for answers, and he turned his focus to psychology. In 1918, Piaget graduated with his Doctorate in Science from the University of Neuchà ¢tel. While teaching at the Sorbonne in Paris, he met Alfred Binet and began working with him evaluating childrens intelligence tests. Piaget was not concerned with the ri ght or wrong answers of the child, but was instead fascinated that certain errors occurred at predictable ages and began focusing on how children reasoned. In 1923, he married Valentine Chà ¢tenay and had three children with her. Piagets children immediately became the focus of intense observation and research and resulted in three more books (http://www.nndb.com/people/359/000094077/, 2010). Jean Piaget designed a model explaining how humans make sense of the world around them through collecting and organizing information from experiences with people, objects, and ideas. This was called the Theory of Cognitive Development. Piaget identified four factors; maturation, action on your environment, learning from others or social transmission, and searching for a balance or equilibrium that influence the way thinking and knowledge are developed. He also theorized that all species inherit the tendencies to organize thoughts and behaviors while adapting to his/her environment. Organization of thoughts and actions that allow a person to mentally think about events or objects are called schemes. Adaption of knowledge and thinking processes involves assimilation or incorporating new information into existing schemes, as well as changing existing schemes to respond to a new situation or accommodating. Piaget also believed that as young people develop they pass through four stages. T he first stage of cognitive development, which occurs between the ages of birth to two years, is called the Sensorimotor stage. In this stage, the child uses his/her five senses and motor abilities to comprehend the world around them. The child also distinguishes his/her self from objects and begins to act intentionally towards a goal. Object permanence is also achieved at this stage. The second stage is called the Preoperational stage and occurs between the ages of two to seven years. In this stage, the child begins to develop the ability to form and use symbols as well as think operations through logically in one direction. Egocentrism also dominates the childs thinking and language during this time. The third stage of cognitive development is between the ages of seven to eleven years is called the Concrete-Operational stage. The characteristics of this stage are the ability to solve concrete tangible problems logically, the ability to demonstrate conservation, the mastery of grou ping objects into categories based on characteristics, reversible thinking, and sequentially arranging objects according to weight, size and volume. The final stage of cognitive development, called Formal Operations, occurs from eleven years through adulthood. In this final stage, the adolescent becomes extremely focused on analyzing their own attitudes and beliefs while not denying that others may have different perceptions. The ability of an adolescent to think hypothetically, considering all possible combinations and choices, while reasoning deductively are other characteristics of this stage as well (Woolfolk, 2008). In Piagets Four Stages of Cognitive Development, the Preoperational stage would be the most noteworthy to me since this is the age range I will be teaching in elementary school. It is necessary to teach children in an active discovery learning environment, encouraging them to question, explore, manipulate, and search out answers on their own. This theory teaches me that as an educator, I must also be an observer in my classroom. I must carefully assess my students current stage of development, cognitive level, as well as strength and weaknesses, while tailoring a set of tasks and curriculum that is specific to each childs needs. Piagets theory is also beneficial to me because it teaches me that I will need to focus on the learning process of my students, rather than the end product. This theory also tells me that intelligence grows through assimilation and accommodation; therefore, I must provide many opportunities for my student to experience both. This theory can help me better understand my kindergarten students because I will be knowledgeable to their skill acquisition at certain ages. It will also guide my teaching strategies as well as help me design lesson plans and activities based on my preoperational students ability levels, while not causing frustration. According to Piaget, the characteristic of egocentrism is often seen in preoperational children. To combat this, I would provide my students with opportunities to work in groups, so they can learn from each other, participate, and be productive at their own pace. A basic understanding of Piagets theory could tremendously benefit parents, by knowing when to introduce new skills to his/her child in order to maximize understanding and success. I would recommend that parents observe his/her child, to make sure that what they are teaching is appropriate for their childs present stage of learning. Avoid stressing standardized learning such as committing rules and facts to memory and instead choosing constructive hands-on experimentation. I would also advise parents to allow active learning through game playing, exploring, and drawing. When giving directions to their child, I would suggest keeping things short and simple. To help a child getting ready for school in the morning, I would recommend having a clock with hands in his/her room. The child does not have a sense of time at this age. The parent should tell the child that when this hand points to this number, have your clothes on and be ready. I would also suggest for parents to talk to his/her child about their experiences and constantly engage them with questions about what they are seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, or tasting. As a teacher with students in the preoperational stage, I must remember that my students may or may not reach each of Piagets stages at the predetermined age assigned since each child develops individually. It is essential to provide students with as many opportunities as possible to experience new things. This will help them continuously build on his/her foundation of language and learning. Learning at the preoperational stage, takes place by the student constructing new schemas through knowledge discovered in hands-on learning. Lesson plans should include hands-on activities, field trips, and learning games with props or visual aids. Hands-on environments should be set up in your classroom with different stations to learn math, science, social studies, etc. To teach math, I would use colored chips or even pennies for counting, adding and subtracting. To teach science, I could use a magnifying glass to see how objects such as pictures of snowflakes are the same or different from eac h other. When taking field trips to places such as science museums or the zoo, I would constantly ask questions about what my students are experiencing. To assess the skills that my students are acquiring, I could use portfolios, group presentations, and demonstrations that would let my students explain his/her learning process to me. REFERENCES: NNDB: Tracking the entire world. (2010, February 9). Retrieved February 10, 2010, from http://www.nndb.com/people/359/000094077/. Woolfolk, A. (2008) Educational psychology: Active learning edition. Personal, moral, and social development (pp. 36-45).

How Reliable is Eyewitness Testimony?

How Reliable is Eyewitness Testimony? This essays attempts to reach a conclusion regarding eyewitness testimonies and the extent of its reliability. This was done by identifying factors in three different processes stages. The acquisition stage is the period where the witness experiences the event. The retention stage is the period between the time the event ends and the time the witness are asked for a recount or questioned about the event. The retrieval stage is the period where the witness is providing information from their recall. During the acquisition stage, research regarding exposure time, estimation of factors concerning the event (for example, time), violence of the event, weapon focus and witness stress was analysed. During the retention stage, research regarding post-event information, introduction of conflicting information and introduction of misleading information was analysed. During the retrieval stage, research regarding method of questioning, leading questions and a case study of an actual event was analysed. Experiments and case studies regarding these factors were then evaluated to weigh the impact that it had on eyewitness testimony. In conclusion, it was found that experiments regarding eyewitness testimony hold little evidence to support its reliability but there are also some findings that dispute this. Thus, it was concluded that it is reliable only to a small extent though it can be highly accurate under certain conditions. Applications of this conclusion includes jurors being more aware of the factors regarding eyewitness testimony and taking into account when deciding on a verdict especially if the main evidence is based solely on eyewitness recounts. Word Count: 252 words Introduction Eyewitness testimony is usually a verbal account given by an individual who has experienced an event, typically of a crime. Eyewitness testimony relies heavily on the capability of the individuals to accurately recount the event. In a trial, the jury is most often persuaded due to the statement(s) of the witnesses. Also, in cases where little material evidence can be collected, eyewitnesses are the focus for reaching a verdict. It has been argued that because testimonies are largely based on fallible memory which can be influenced by a variety of factors, it should not be depended upon. The contention of this essay is to identify and evaluate the extent of accuracy of this claim by identifying and evaluating factors that affect memory and by reviewing experiments and case studies to reach a conclusion on this matter. Memory and thus eye-witness reliability has become an issue of importance due to the high percentage of errors in identifying and prosecuting accused individuals. Thus, the reliability of eyewitness testimonies and impact on trials should be reviewed. Memory is defined as a kind of repository in which facts (information) may be retained over some period of time (Loftus, 1979). According to the Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory storage (1971), memory is made up of three different types of information stores, each with different duration, capacity and function. The first is Sensory Memory. This type of store lasts for the spilt second when individuals collect information from their sensory systems and preserves information in its original sensory form. The sense organs are limited in their ability to store information about the world in an unprocessed way for more than a second. Thus, information is filtered through or selected by attention for further memory processing into the next type of memory store. This process of experiencing and filtering information is called acquisition. The next memory store is Short-term memory allows individuals to retain information long enough to be used and lasts approximately between 15 to 30 s econds. Miller (1956, cited in Weiten, 2005) proposed that Short-term Memory had a capacity of about 7 chunks of information. If certain actions are carried out, the information will be transferred to the last type of memory store, Long-term Memory. Long-term Memory provides retention of information which can last between minutes to a lifetime and has a limitless capacity. The process of information deposited in the short-term and long-term memory store is called retention. Information is constantly being transferred between these stores. When witnesses are asked to give recount of what they witnessed, information is taken from the long-term memory store and this process is called retrieval. Events during these three processes may affect the quality of the eyewitness testimony. During the acquisition process information may not have been perceived in the first place, information may be forgotten or interfered during the retention process or information may be inaccessible during questioning or during the retrieval process. Analysis of Factors that may affect Eye-witness Testimony during the Acquisition Process During the acquisition process, there are a number of factors that can affect an eyewitness report of an event such as exposure time or stress. This can be divided into event factors and witness factors. This section of the essay will evaluate the effect of these factors on the reliability of eyewitness testimony. Exposure time to the event or object of focus is an event factor. Laughery et al (1971, cited in Loftus, 1979) tested subjects on their recall based on the exposure time to a picture, showed one at a time of different positions of a human face. Two Caucasian male target faces were used, one with fair-colored hair and complexion with glasses and another with a darker-colored hair and complexion without glasses. The independent variable is the time the subjects viewed the pictures, which ranged from ten seconds to thirty-two seconds. The subjects were them asked, approximately eight minutes after exposure to identify the target within a series of 150 slides of human faces. The dependant variable is the accuracy of the subjects recall. Fifty-eight percentof the subjects who viewed the pictures for thirty-two seconds correctly identified the target but only forty-seven percent of the subjects who viewed the pictures for ten seconds correctly identified the target. This suggests that the more time a witness has to view the target, the more accurate their recall will be. This research is significant as it is very scientific and precisely tested a specific variable that affects memory and recall. Although this is so, it was also conducted in an artificial environment and thus, has low ecological validity. The research may also contain cultural and gender bias as it only tested for Caucasian males as the target. Thus, its application to targets of different cultures or gender is questionable. Estimating factors such as time, speed or distance is often asked of eyewitnesses. This involves perceiving the event and accurately inferring information from it. Marshalls (1966, cited in Loftus, 1979) experiment tested subjects estimation of time. Four hundred and ninety-one subjects watched a forty-two second film and a week after they had given their written and oral reports of the event, they were questioned as to the duration of the event. On average, subjects gave an estimate of about ninety seconds. The results show that witnesses can inaccurately estimate certain factors of an event. Although the results are significant, the study was conducted in a controlled environment which gives it little ecological validity. To further assess the accuracy of this study, an additional study that can be considered is Buckhout et al. (1975, cited in Loftus, 1979)s study on the effects if eyewitness testimony in a real situation by staging an attack where a student attacked a professor in front of 141 witnesses. The attack lasted for thirty-four seconds but when interviewed later on, the average estimate of the duration of the event was eighty-one seconds, almost twice the actual time. This study supports Marshalls study which shows that there is a tendency for witnesses to overestimate the duration in an event. This is significant in most cases, especially for cases of self-defense where the time between the attack and the retaliation is very significant in the categorization of the action. Another event factor is the violence of the event. A research done by Clifford and Scott (1978, cited in Loftus, 1979) investigated the ability of eyewitnesses to perceive violent and non-violent events. Forty-eight subjects with equal number of men and women watched either one of two tapes. In the non-violent version, the characters were involved in a verbal exchange and weak restraining movements. In the violent version, one of the characters physically assaults another character. In an effort to be even, the start and end of the tapes were manipulated to be identical. It was found that regardless of gender, the level of recall is significantly lower for those who viewed the more violent tape. It is inferred that this is due to the greater amount of stress that is produced in response to the violent event. This shows that eyewitness testimony of a violent event should be considered with the possibility of a higher rate of inaccuracy. Though the results are significant due to the hi gh reliability of the scientific method used, it also lacks ecological validity as it was conducted in an artificial environment where witnesses do not actually experience the event. An event factor that is linked to the witness factor, stress, is weapon focus. Easterbrook (1959) found that under high stress, individuals tend to concentrate more on a few features of their environment and less attention to other features. Weapon focus is where a crime victim is faced with an assailant who is brandishing a weapon. This rises the stress level of the crime victim and thus, they will only concentrate on a few features, mainly the weapon and will have trouble recollecting other factors such as the assailants features. Loftus et al (1987) tested this with an experiment where thirty-six students were showed a series of slides which showed one of two scenarios at a fast food restaurant. Half the subjects saw a customer pointing a gun at the cashier while the other half, the control group saw a customer handing the cashier a check. A part of the experiment tested the memory of the students based on a series of seven questions on the customer. It was found that the level of accuracy of the weapon group was fifty-six percent while the level of accuracy for the control group was sixty-seven percent. As the results show that the accuracy level of the weapon group is lower than the control group, this is highly significant in showing that eye-witnesses acquisition process might be seriously hampered by the presence of a weapon. The results of the experiment are highly valid as it was conducted in a controlled environment which allowed a direct cause and effect outcome. While this is so, the participants did not experience the event and thus their response may be different to an actual witness which means that the experiment lacks ecological validity. During an event, stress is a witness factor that should be taken into account. This refers to the level of stress or fear that a witness experiences which may influence their perception during the acquisition process of the event. A simulated case study done by Berkun (1962, cited in Loftus, 1979) placed army recruits in a stressful situation. They were isolated with the exception of a telephone link. Then, they were told that they were in danger to induce anxiety and were required to repair a broken radio by following a series of complicated instructions. It was found that the high level of anxiety impaired performance of the subjects. As this case study was conducted during a period of different ethical standards than today, there are ethical implications to be considered. Nevertheless, the results of this case study significantly support the Yerkes-Dodson law (1908, cited in Green) which states that emotional arousal facilitates learning and performance up to a point after which t here is a decrement. This can be applied to eyewitnesses who experience stress. Their senses may be stimulated but after a point, their acquisition process will be negatively affected. Although this is so, this case study has only looked at male soldiers, thus when applied to the general population, it lacks ecological validity. Analysis of Factors that may affect Eye-witness Testimony during the Retention Process Eye-witnesses are being tested on their retention of information from their Long-term Memory. Because retained information and thus, memory is being transferred between memory stores, it is possible that it can be influenced, enhanced or even distorted during or in between transfers. This section of the essay will focus on the numerous researches that have been carried out to investigate the accuracy of this or the extent of the influence that may occur. After an event occurs, sometimes witnesses discuss what they saw with each other and the information that is exchanged can result in an enhancement of memory in the form of modification or addition. An experiment was conducted by Loftus (1975) on one hundred and fifty participants. They were showed a film of a car crash where a car failed to stop at a stop sign and turned right to enter traffic, causing a five-car collision. After the film which lasted for less than a minute, participants were asked a series of ten questions. Half of the participants were asked about the stop sign in the first question while the other half were asked about the right turn. All other questions were the same. The independent variable here is the first question and the dependant variable is the last question which asked participants if they remembered seeing a stop sign. Loftus found that there was a higher percentage of participants who recalled seeing a stop sign if the first question related to a stop sign than the control group, fifty-three percent and thirty-five percent respectively. This shows that by mentioning an object, there is a higher chance of it being recalled. The results are highly significant as it was calculated using precise results with a specific variable tested. It can be argued that the experiment lacks ecological validity as it was conducted in an artificial environment but this allowed a specific variable to be tested which would have been impossible with a case study. As demonstrated by this experiment, eye-witnesses memory may be influenced by post-event information that they receive and thus, the more information that the witness is exposed to after the event, the higher the chance that their memory might be compromised. A modification to the previous variable is the question as to what happens when a witness learns new information which is different from what they experienced. Loftus (1975) conducted an experiment where forty participants were shown a three-minute video which involved a group of eight demonstrators noisily interrupting a lecture. The participants then had to answer a series of twenty questions. All the questions for the participants were identical except for one. Half of the participants were asked, Was the leader of the twelve demonstrators who entered the classroom a male? and the other half were asked, Was the leader of the four demonstrators who entered the classroom a male? All questions had to be answered with a yes or no. A week later, participants had to answer another set of questions. The critical question was How many demonstrators did you see enter the classroom? It was found that participants who previously answered the question with the word twelve reported an average of 8.9 demonstrators while the other half reported an average of 6.4 demonstrators. It can be argued that this experiment lacks ecological validity as it was conducted in an artificial environment and that participants only viewed the event and did not actually witness it. The results may not be fully applicable to the general population. Although this is so, the controlled environment showed a direct cause and effect of a specific variable. The results of this experiment can be applied to eye-witness testimony where witnesses may be mislead in their testimony as their memory might be compromised by the introduction of conflicting information. Similar to the experiment above is an experiment conducted by Loftus and Zanni (1975, cited in Hill, 1998) which was a modification of the original Loftus and Palmer research. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of adding post event information on memory. Participants were shown a film of a car accident after which they had to answer a series of questions. Half of the participants were required to answer, Did you see the broken headlight which implied that there was a broken headlight while the other half were asked, Did you see a broken headlight which only required participants to recall if it was there. It was found that half of the participants, who were asked using the word the, incorrectly reported seeing a broken headlight. As most of the other variables were controlled in the experiment, and only a specific variable was changed, the results signify that memory can be modified by post event information. It can be argued that the participants did not experie nce the incident and thus the experiment lacks ecological validity when applied to actual witnesses but as a specific variable was examined, it can be concluded that the cause and effect was to a large extent connected. This experiment shows that eyewitnesses may be influenced by post event information which may negatively affect their account. McCloskey and Zaragaza (1985) also conducted experiments concerning the effect of misleading post event information on participants. After watching a series of slides depicting an event, participants received a narrative of the event. Participants in the mislead condition will receive a narration with receive the narrative with misleading information about a detail of the event, a hammer was referred to as a screwdriver instead while the control group werent provided details of the specific event. Participants then had to answer a series of questions about the event. The critical question concerning the tool had the original item as an option (hammer) and a new item (wrench). It was found that accuracy for the control group was seventy-five percent and seventy-two percent for the mislead condition group. The fact that there was little difference between the two groups points to the idea that misleading post event information does not distort memory of an event. This experiment suppor ts the validity of eyewitness testimony and due to the controlled setting; the results are highly valid though it lacks ecological validity. Analysis of Factors that may affect Eye-witness Testimony during the Retrieval Process Most evidence from eyewitnesses are a result of their accounts of the event. This involves the retrieval process of information from their long term memory store. This section of the essay aims to analyse and evaluate research conducted in relation to the techniques of retrieving information from eyewitnesses such as question wording or method of questioning. This is to evaluate the extent of influence of such techniques on the reliability of eyewitness accounts and in relation, memory. The method of questioning during the retrieval process plays an important role in the accuracy of eye-witness testimony as investigated by Lipton (1977, cited in Wells, 1978). Lipton conducted an experiment where participants watched a film of a murder in a courtroom setting. He found that unstructured testimony which allowed free recall resulted in ninety-one percent accuracy. This is a significant value as compared to other types of questioning such as open ended questions with eighty-three percent accuracy, leading questions with seventy-two percent accuracy and multiple choice questions with fifty-six percent accuracy. These results show that the type of questioning that the witness is subjected to affects the accuracy of their recount. When applied to trial testimonies, jurors should take into account the type of questioning to predict or get an idea of the level of accuracy of the testimony. Though conclusive to a certain extent, the experiment lacks ecological validity as the participants did not actually experience the event, merely perceive it but as it is a controlled environment, the reliability of the cause and effect factors is high. Loftus and Palmer (1974 cited in Hill, 1998) carried out an experiment to investigate the effect of leading questions on the accuracy of participants in recalling a car crash. Fourty-five participants were separated into seven groups and each group watched a video of traffic accidents. The videos lasted from five to thirty seconds. After watching the video, participants had to give an account of what they had just seen. The independent variable is the question About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?. The word hit is replaced with the words smashed, contacted, bumped and collided for different groups. The participants answer as to the estimate of the cars speed is the dependant variable. Loftus and Palmer found that the mean estimate of speed for more aggressive words such as smashed is higher than less aggressive words such as contacted. The results are highly significant, p Contending the results of this experiment is Yuille and Cutshalls (1986) case study of a real life event. 13 participants were interviewed using Loftus and Palmers (1974 cited in Hill, 1998) technique in their recall four to five months after witnessing an attempted robbery in daylight where one individual was killed and another, seriously wounded. It was found that there was a very high level of similarity between the accounts given by the witnesses, the accounts did not alter in response to leading questions and that the witnesses were able to recall the event in detail. Additionally, accounts of those who were more distressed had a higher accuracy level. These results are different to Loftus and Palmer (1974 cited in Hill, 1998). The eye witnesses did not alter their accounts greatly in response to leading questions. As this is a case study, it holds high ecological validity unlike laboratory experiments. Although this may be true, Yuille and Cutshalls case study was of an event t hat was relatively traumatic event and was viewed in ideal conditions. Most incidents do not mirror this setting. Also, it was an investigation of only one case study. Hence, the application of these findings is debatable when applied to general eye witness testimonies. Conclusion This essay evaluated the extent of accuracy of the claim that eyewitness testimony should not be depended upon. This was done by focusing on the different factors that can affect human memory, and in relation, eyewitness testimony as it is fundamentally based on memory. Experiments and case studies related to factors in three different memory stages were identified and evaluated. Research concerning the acquisition process such as exposure time, estimation of factors concerning the event, for example, time, violence of the event, weapon focus and witness stress level during the event was analysed. Results point to a correlation of high levels of inaccuracy when more traumatic factors are included in the event. This is also reflected in research concerning the retention process and the retrieval process although there is some evidence that supports the reliability of eyewitness testimony. Overall analysis criticised the low ecological validity of controlled experiments but also supported the high level of validity that comes with it as it essentially provides a cause and effect relationship between specific variables tested. Case studies were found to be very specific with regards to certain factors, which leads to a debate about their general application. Since experiments are only replications of real-life events, it cant be fully taken as the actual process . This may have some influence on the results obtained as it can be argued that the participants are not really experiencing the event, thus essential factors like, atmosphere, or even interest in the event may be compromised. In this manner, results of case studies hold a higher level of reliability. As indicated by the numerous researches on different factors during the process of collecting, processing and retrieving information from memory, eye witness testimony is reliable only to a small extent. Under such fallibility, it can be questioned if eyewitness testimony should be relied on at all. Though eyewitness testimony has been proved accurate in a number of researches, the amount of investigations concluding on the fact that it is highly imperfect far outweighs it. Though a large number of researches do not support the reliability of eyewitness testimony, there is also evidence to support it like Yuille and Cutshalls (1986) case study. This suggests that although eyewitness testimony can be unreliable, under certain conditions, it is highly accurate. Implications for application of the analysis in this essay could include jurors being more wary of eyewitness testimony and the conditions relating to it when deciding upon a verdict. Further research could include more case studies to increase the ecological validity of the theories produced by experiments analysed in this essay. References Atkinson, R. C. Shriffin, R. M. (1971), The Control Processes of Short-term Memory, Stanford, California, Stanford University Easterbrook J. A. (1959), The Effect of Emotion on Cue Utilisation and the Organisation of Behaviour, Psychological Review, Vol 66(3), 183-201 Green, C. D, (n.d.) Classics in the History of Psychology Yerkes and Dodson (1908), Toronto, Ontario, York University, Retrieved from psychclassics.yorka.ca: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Yerkes/Law/ Hill, G. (1998), Oxford Revision Guides, AS A Level Psychology, New York, Oxford University Press Loftus, E. F; Loftus, G. R; Messo, J. (1987), Some facts about Weapon Focus, Law and Human Behaviour, Vol 11(1), 55-62 Loftus, E. F. (1975), Leading Questions and the Eyewitness Repost, Cognitive Psychology, Vol 7, 550-572, University of Washington Loftus E. F. (1979), Eyewitness Testimony, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England, USA, Harvard University Press Yullie J. C. Cutshall J. L. (1986), A case study of eyewitness memory of a crime, Journal of Applied Psychology, Volume 71(2), May 1986, 291-301 Weiten, W. (2005), Psychology: Themes and Variations, The United States of America, Thomson Learning Inc. Wells, G. L. (1978), Applied Eyewitness-Testimony Research: System Variables and Estimator Variables, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Volume 36, No. 12, 1547-1557, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

The Work of Frida Kahlo Essay -- Self Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trots

The work of Frida Kahlo often labeled and defined as feminist art continues to describe and establish what feminist art is. Wife of the well known and highly regarded Diego Rivera, Frida struggled to become an artist in her own right. Her extremely passionate love for and devotion to her husband manifested itself in an unusual manner in their already unconventional and unique marriage. However it is partly this obsession with Diego that helped motivate her own success as a feminist artist. Her passionate political and revolutionary spirit resonates in the subjects of her paintings as she herself states, "I want my work to be a contribution to the struggle of the people for peace and liberty." (Herrera p.263). She confronts her pain and suffering and openly exposes herself in her work. Essentially Kahlo's work includes and encompasses all of the theories and themes discussed in Art History 466. Pain and suffering, active political and social awareness are present in her paint ings, and most importantly an acute awareness of the power of the feminine and of feminist art is prevalent as well. The passionate, seductive and exotic nature of Frida's work is used combined with humor, pain and endless emotion emphatically stating her awareness of the power she as a woman and an artist possessed, despite her unquestionable and undeniable insecurities, frustrations and suffering. She utilized these attributes to her advantage in producing some of the most astonishing works unarguably and undisputably renowned for their aesthetic and intellectual superiority. Despite its initial appearance of a simple image lacking the usual surreal qualities of Frida's work, her Self Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky is saturated in sensuality and mystery demanding further investigation. With her directed, seductive gaze Frida holds a private conversation with Leon as she presents herself as a gift to him. In her biography on Kahlo, Hayden Herrera notes Frida "was flattered to be loved by the Great Russian, fascinated by his mind and moved by his desire. Frida was delighted to have an affair with Trotsky" (Herrera p.212). Kahlo's portrait, while presenting a relatively small image, is monumentalized by the saturation of passion and emotion that she shares with Trotsky. The portrait, lacking the usual bloody and shocking imagery often seen in Kahlo's work, is not di... ... Numerous times of ill health in Frida's life coincided with times she felt more alone, depressed, upset and helpless as a result of present occuances. Thus, even Frida herself could not deny the effect Trotsky had on her and her life, as additionally evidenced in the monumental qualities of her image peaking out from "Behind the Curtains". Through her portrait Frida is saying thank you while still teasing her former lover with her seductive irresistible image. She is acknowledging Trotsky's's effect soon to be felt as the "bomb", being Frida, bursts through the "ribbon." The "ribbon" is the pain and suffering, the limitations and frustrations caused by Diego. The "ribbon" represents a Frida truly becoming an artist in her own right. She, of course, realizes the role Trotsky played in this revelation as evidenced in the Self Portrait she presented to him on the seventh of November, 1937, "with love." With girlish fascination Frida flirted with the political idol only to find it was she to be admired and idolized. Kahlo combats the struggle of a woman presenting herself as if announcing, "Yes, I am to be looked at, to be noticed, to be remembered and to be fantasized!"

A Philosophical Criticism of Augustine and Aquinas Essay -- Philosophy

A Philosophical Criticism of Augustine and Aquinas: The Relationship of Soul and Body       The relationship of the human soul and physical body is a topic that has mystified philosophers, scholars, scientists, and mankind as a whole for centuries. Human beings, who are always concerned about their place as individuals in this world, have attempted to determine the precise nature or state of the physical form. They are concerned for their well-being in this earthly environment, as well as their spiritual well-being; and most have been perturbed by the suggestion that they cannot escape the wrongs they have committed while in their physical bodies.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the evolution of philosophic thought, there have been many different views on the relationship of mind and body. The great philosopher Plato and the Neoplatonists held the belief that man's body is merely a prison of his soul, but St. Augustine later refutes this with his idea of the disembodied soul. He distinguishes between the concept of the physical form and the spiritual soul, and he argues that humankind can be redeemed because of the God spirit contained in the intellectual soul. This intellectual soul is not an inseparable part of the body, as St. Thomas Aquinas postulates. Instead, this soul is indeed the higher part of man, the state and well-being of man depends upon its stability.      Ã‚  Ã‚   St. Thomas Aquinas adjusts this theory. He claims that the soul and body are inseparable, and he states that the soul is the form of the body. St. Thomas further believes that God creates the soul and matter (physical body) simultaneously, and the body affects the nature of that soul. His conception of redemption is distinctly different from Augustine; he a... ...stine: essays on some aspects of his thought written in commemoration of his 15th centenary. Sheed and Ward, Ltd., London : 1945. Rev. D.J. Leary. St. Augustine on Eternal Life. Burns, Oates and Washbourne, Ltd., London : 1939. W. Andrew Hoffecker. Building a Christian World View, vol. 1: God, man, and Knowledge. Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co., Phillipsburg, New Jersey : 1986. William S. Babcock. The Ethics of St. Augustine: JRE Studies in Religion, no. 3. Scholars Press, Atlanta : 1991. Armand Maurer. Being and Knowing: Studies in Thomas Aquinas and Later Medieval Philosophers, Papers in Medià ¦val Studies, no. 10. Pontifical Institute of Medià ¦val Studies, Toronto : 1990. Thomas Aquinas. Faith, Reason and Theology. Armand Maurer,translator. Medià ¦val Sources in Translation, vol. 32. Pontifical Institute of Medià ¦val Studies, Toronto : 1987.

Icici Bank and Bank of Rajasthan Merger Essay

Meaning : A general term used to refer to the consolidation of companies. A merger is a combination of two companies to form a new company, while an acquisition is the purchase of one company by another in which no new company is formed. Basic information of icici bank (Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Bank): ICICI Bank was established by the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India, an Indian financial institution, as a wholly owned subsidiary in 1994. The parent company was formed in 1955 as a joint-venture of the World Bank, India’s public-sector banks and public-sector insurance companies to provide project financing to Indian industry.[10][11] The bank was initially known as theIndustrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Bank, before it changed its name to the abbreviated ICICI Bank. The parent company was later merged with the bank. Current information: Based on 2013 information, it is the second largest bank in India by assets and third largest by market capitalisation. It offers a wide range of banking products and financial services to corporate and retail customer through a variety of delivery channels and through its specialised subsidiaries in the areas of investment banking. life and non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management. The Bank has a network of 3,350 branches and 10,486 ATM’s in India, and has a presence in 19 countries. ICICI Bank is one of the big four banks of India, along with SBI,PNB,CANARA BANK BANK OF RAJASTHAN : It was set up at Udaipur in 1943 with an initial capital of Rs.10.00 lacs. An eminent Industrialist Late Seth Shri Govind Ram Seksaria was the founder chairman. It was classified as the Scheduled Bank in 1948. The Bank also established a rural (Gramin) bank Mewar Anchlik Gramin Bank in Udaipur District in Rajasthan on 26 January 1983. The bank’s central office is located at Jaipur, although its registered office is in Udaipur. Presently the bank has 463 branches, in 24 states, with 294 of the branches being in Rajasthan. †¢ 1. Merger of ICICI and BoR Submitted †¢ 2. About BoR and Merger private sector lender Bank of Rajasthan on 18 may 2010 agreed to merge with ICICI Bank, India’s second largest private sector lender Bank of Rajasthan has a market value of $296 million The acquisition of Bank of Rajasthan by ICICI bank is the first consolidation of country’s crowded banking sector since 2008.ICICI Bank and Bank of Rajasthan (BoR) boards on Sunday cleared their merger through an all-share deal, valued at about 30.41 billion rupees. †¢ 3. ICICI offered to BoR ICICI offered to pay 188.42 rupees per share, in an all-share deal, for Bank of Rajasthan, a premium of 89 percent to the small lender’s closing price on Tuesday, valuing the business at $668 million .ICICI is offering the smaller bank’s controlling shareholders 25 shares in ICICI for 118 shares of Bank of Rajasthan. †¢ 4. The Big Deal The deal, which will give ICICI a sizeable presence in the northwestern desert state of Rajasthan, values the small bank at about 2.9 times its book value, compared with an Indian banking sector average of 1.84.Bank of Rajasthan has a network of 463 branches and a loan book of 77.81 billion rupees ($1.7 billion). †¢ 5. Why MergerIn March, the Reserve Bank of India appointed consulting firms to conduct a special audit of the books and accounts of Bank of Rajasthan .The government has called for consolidation in the banking sector in order to make lenders more competitive but there has been little activity.RBI had imposed a penalty of Rs 25 lakh on Bank of Rajasthan for various violations. †¢ 6. Totals of BoR F or the nine-month ended December’09, the bank had net loss of Rs 9 crore with total income of Rs 1,086 crore. For the year ended March’09, Bank of Rajasthan had net profit of Rs 117 crore with total income of Rs 1,507 crore .Operating income fell 11% to Rs 373.78 crore in Q3 December 2009 over Q3 December 2008. †¢ 7. Advantage for ICICI and BoR ICICI Bank will gain marginally from the merger as Bank of Rajasthan has a reasonable penetration in its home state. As of March’09, it had 463 branches across the country. The deal will also help ICICI tackle increasing competition by HDFC Bank. the deal values BoR at about 2.9 times its book value, compared with an Indian banking sector average of 1.84. †¢ 8. Comparison OF ICICI and BoRICICI bank added CASA deposits totaling over 210 billion rupees in the year ended March 2010, compared with 41.63 billion rupees of BoR .ICICI recorded a business per branch of 3 billion rupees compared with 47 million rupees of BoR for fiscal 2009.For the quarter ended Dec 09, BoR recorded 1.05 percent of advances as NPA’s, which is far better than 2.1 percent recorded by ICICI Bank. †¢ 9. Why is RBI allowing the merger of this bank? This is very intriguing factor; when RBI claims that there is corporate governance. Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee claims that there is corporate governance prevailing in SEBI, RBI and Finance Ministry. †¢ 10. Hurdles To protest the Bank of Rajasthan’s management plan to merge with the ICICI Bank, more than 4200 employees of Bank of Rajasthan went on a two-day countrywide strike .SEBI maintains that Tayals hold 55% in the bank and that would make them owners of nearly 1.87 crore ICICI Bank shares from new dilution by ICICI Bank, amounting to around 1.75% stake in the bank .ICICI Bank found it economic as always to invest in this deal on a 100% stock swap basis. †¢ 11. Impact of the Deal The deal is very expensive The proposed amalgamation would substantially enhance branch network and presence in  northern and western India for ICICIBank of Rajasthan has a network of 463 branches and a loan book of 77.81 billion rupees ($1.7 billion).As on March 2009, BoR had 463 branches and 111 ATMs, total assets of Rs 17,224 crore, deposits of Rs 15,187 crore and advances of Rs 7,781 crore. †¢ 12. ICICI After merger PE ratio22.97 10/06/10EPS (Rs)36.10 Mar, 10Sales (Rs crore)5,826.98 Mar, 10Face Value (Rs)10 Net profit margin (%)9.74 Mar, 09Last dividend (%)120 26/04/10Return on average equity7.58 Mar, 09 1 millions = 10 lakhs 1 billions = 100 crores 1 trillions = 100,000 crores

Sigmund Freud, the Psychopathology of Everyday Life

SIGMUND FREUD: THE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF EVERYDAY LIFE MIEISHA MARSHALL DECEMBER 1, 2012 HISTORY AND SYSTEMS DR. WAYNE PONIWEZ UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS AT MONTICELLO SIGMUND FREUD: THE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF EVERYDAY LIFE Psychopathology of everyday life (1901) is one of the key studies of the outstanding Austrian scientist Sigmund Freud, who laid the basis for the theory of psychoanalysis, along with The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1910) and Ego and the Id (1923).This little book became one of the scientific classics of the 20th century and it is very important not only for psychopathology, but also for modern linguistics, semantics and philosophy. The most trivial slips of the tongue or pen, Freud believed, can reveal our secret ambitions, worries, and fantasies. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life ranks among his most enjoyable works.Starting with the story of how he once forgot the name of an Italian painter-and how a young acquaintance mangled a quot ation from Virgil through fears that his girlfriend might be pregnant-it brings together a treasure trove of muddled memories, inadvertent actions, and verbal tangles. Amusing, moving, and deeply revealing of the repressed, hypocritical Viennese society of his day, Freud's dazzling interpretations provide the perfect introduction to psychoanalytic thinking in action.According to Freud, our daily lives teem with unwitting expressions of the wishes and ideas we try to keep hidden. These suppressed notions elude our conscious control and take the form of slips of the tongue, jokes, and seemingly accidental gestures. In this classic of psychology, Freud explores the phenomenon of parapraxis – slips of the tongue commonly known as Freudian slips, acts of forgetfulness, misinterpretations, and ‘accidents'.These simple and apparently trivial events, he explains, can possess deeper meanings with subconscious motivations – meanings that can be revealed by analysis and can ultimately offer a clearer perception of the self. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life is the inventory of what goes on when nothing much is going on, or of what we do when we think we know what we are doing. I. Forgetting Proper Names Freud used his own self to do an observation on the inability to remembering proper names to psychological analysis.The basis of Freud’s argument is that in psychological terms this displacement is not merely arbitrary, but follows regular and predictable paths, in other words, Freud assume that the substitute name or names will relate to the name sought in a way that can be traced, and he hope that if he can succeed in proving this relationship he shall also cast some light on the process which makes us forget names (Freud, p 6).

A Short Story Essay

During Maytag’s final surrender to Whirlpool, appliance parts are now in surplus. As a result, the warehouse has been shipped an overabundance of parts. The likes of which we rarely see. Because the market has gone down in flames, the demand for appliance parts is sky-high. Thus we have a beautiful supply and demand ratio between our suppliers and our customers. Since no one has the capital to go out and purchase a brand new washing machine or refrigerator, in spite of Obama’s Energy Star credit stimulus, more and more appliances are being serviced. This allows servicers to keep in business and increase profits. Their increase in business requires that they purchase more parts from us, of which we are consistently replenishing due to the business deals made by our suppliers. Thus the servicer is never thrown into hysteria over a lack of parts. Thus we keep in business. Thus we keep our jobs. We even manage to allocate overtime on occasion. I know all this because the warehouse hides nothing from me. The warehouse needs me. The warehouse is me. Or else I’d like to think. By the end of the shift we are all manifesting the last of the packages that are to be shipped out via UPS and FedEx. The trailers are closed. The semis drive off. The workers go home. I stay to close shop. I print the manifest reports and shut down the computers. I record our shipping quantities and turn out the lights. The doors are locked, the security enabled. I shut the last door before I stroll to the bus stop. The driver sees my monthly pass purchased online at the warehouse’s very own computer, addressed to my own PO box. The driver lets me on. There are a couple of folks onboard. One works at Chili Works not too far from the warehouse. The other is a Wal-Mart employee. We are all considered workers of the underclass. The only difference is that I have approximately ten grand in my savings. Most people are ten grand in dept. Of course, not too many take microeconomics as seriously either. When my girlfriend cheated on me and insurrected herself from our apartment, I decided to take control of my cash. I realized that I was spending nearly six thousand dollars a year in rent money. When the lease was up, I took the capital gained from the security deposit, including the five dollar interest they were required to give, and invested in a bicycle. Of course, I invested in the bicycle after I totaled my Pontiac grand prix. I did this because for the next year I would have to spend three thousand dollars in car payments and two-thousand dollars in gasoline. The insurance forked me four grand. At this point I was a bit of an alcoholic anyway so I decided that the car was an opportunity cost. If I wanted to continue to go to the bars each night and have my juicy burger and tray full of cigarette butts, I would need to sacrifice the Pontiac. This capital was generally inadequate when compared to my personal entrepreneurship. My taverns, my coffee and reading clubs, my model-crafting. I’m getting to the point at which I can sell World War II naval ship recreations for a profit. No one would know my storage cell housed the Battle of Midway. Then there are my books that I buy and sell later to used book stores. It may be cheaper to go to a library, but the city doesn’t give cards to homeless folk. Still, I manage. The only real resources I depend on is my own personal entrepreneurship, my labor, and the permanence of the land. The capital built up over the years is strictly a luxury. Since my supply of bar beverages is at a constant growth, the supply of such beverages usually comes at a low cost. More and more I see laid off engineers and factory machinists come night after night, drowning their miseries away. Winter approaches, so the construction jockeys are hitting Bourbon Street like an army from hell. Meanwhile, the bars are ordering more and more of their stock. More than probably necessary, as I feel they have built a surplus. Everyday I see trucks stocked with Miller products and Coors make dock. By Tuesday night the bartenders are giving drinks away, they have so much. If their bands of laid-off workers don’t make a buck soon, the bars will start to run into a massive deficit without having a stable consumer base. An unemployed man can only spend for so long. Still, I reap the benefits. And if ever there is a time when someone may ask me why it is I chose my life without shelter; perhaps an intrigued lady aroused by such mystery or a confused little boy who was always taught to work with what they got; I shall tell them both that I live in the market of the free. My entire essence is dedicated to what I want and how accessible it is to make such an acquisition. Everything else is simply an unnecessary expenditure. A Short Story Essay The cold hit him straight way, and he turned to the see the appealing glow of the gas lamp that cast silhouettes on the walls, the shadows dancing with each flicker of the small flame. The wind blew quiet but harsh and found its way through the gaps in his woollen overcoat. He turned up the collar and regretted that there was no button to keep it in place. He scurried down the well-trodden path, passing withering plants and whatever else lay in the darkness. Without warning, the headlights of an approaching illuminated him against the darkness of the forest; he threw himself to the hard ground, scurrying towards the relative safety of the undergrowth. He didn’t dare to move, terrified that any shuffle or scratching might give away his position, as the truck stopped at the side of the road. He heard the slamming of doors and the shuffling of feet. The man could see nothing but the very top of the trucks canvas roof, but he could hear their voices. One shouted out to another in German; the reply was a harsh laugh that seemed to pierce the very core of the wildlife; a large bird that has been making its way cautiously over to the man suddenly opened its wings out and took off violently from where it stood with a loud shriek that filled the deadly quiet. The man stopped breathing, covered his head with both of his hands and screwed his eyes tightly shut, willing the other men to go away. He could hear them walking over, their hard-soled boots thudding, again and again, as they made their way closer. He had attempted to bury himself in the plantation, but it was to no avail. A narrow, white torch beam, moved across the perimeter of the forest, and slowly made its way down to his level. He shut his eyes tight and willed them to leave him be, to go away. And just like that, the beam of light vanished, and the footsteps gradually died away. With the slam of two doors, the engine started, and the truck moved off. The man lifted his head slightly, just in time to see the terrifying symbol of the Swastika that would be engrained in his mind for the rest of his life.

How to Register Primary Cooperative

Once you have organized your cooperative, your work does not end there. The cooperative now needs a legal personality so that is can do all the acts that a cooperative is supposed to perform. With a legal personality, the cooperative can borrow money, sell its goods and services, deliver goods and enter into all sorts of business transactions. So that your cooperative can do all these, you must register your cooperative.Here is how to do it. WHERE DO YOU REGISTER YOUR COOPERATIVE? The Cooperative Development Authority (CDA) is the only government agency mandated to register all types of cooperatives. Its main office is located at 827 Aurora Boulevard, Service Road, Barangay Immaculate Concepcion, Quezon City . To facilitate the flow of its services, extension offices have been set up.These are located in (a) Dagupan City; (b) Tuguegarao; (c) Baguio City; (d) San Fernando, Pampanga; (e) NCR-Quezon City; (f) Calamba, Laguna; (g) Naga City; (h) Iloilo City; (i) Cebu City (j) Tacloban Ci ty; (k) Zamboanga City; (l) Cagayan de Oro City; (m) Davao City; (n) Kidapawan City; (o) Butuan City; and (p) Cotabato City. WHAT ARE THE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR REGISTERING A COOPERATIVE? Organizing a cooperative can be complex and simple. It requires an understanding of the basic needs of the prospective cooperative members.It demands patience from the organizer who must make the cooperative’s long-term goals and objectives, and its visions a real part of the members’ lives. But it can be too easy because the Cooperative Code of the Philippines (RA 6938) has devised very clear-cut steps for the cooperative organizer and members. The following are the basic information that the prospective members should understand before organizing a cooperative. a. There are nine (9) steps suggested in setting up a cooperative. FIRST. Get organized. You must have at least 15 members to do that.At once determine the common problems you would want solved and the basic needs you would want provided for through a cooperative. You may want to include increasing your production, marketing your produce, credit assistance, power generation, banking or insurance and other similar needs. Determining your problems and needs will also help you classify the kind of cooperative you will be organizing. Even before a cooperative is set up, a dedicated core group people who will do all the organizational and paper works is a must.From this core group, working communities may be formed to set things moving. These committees may include membership, finance, executive, secretariat to name a few. SECOND. Reserved your proposed cooperative name. Secure and fill up Cooperative Name Reservation Request Form (CNRRF). This must be submitted to CDA Central Office or any of its Extension Office. A reservation fee shall apply. THIRD. Prepare a general statement called an economic survey. Economic Survey is a general statement describing, among others, the structure and purposes of the pr oposed cooperative.The structure and actual staffing pattern shall include a bookkeeper. This should indicate the area of operation, the size of membership and other pertinent data in a format provided by the Authority. FOURTH. Prepare the cooperative’s by-laws. The by-laws contain the rules and regulations governing the operation of the cooperative. FIFTH. Prepare the articles of cooperation. Mandatory contents of the articles of cooperation are the following: (a) the name of the cooperative, which must include the word â€Å"cooperative†; b) the purpose or purposes and scope of business for which the cooperative is to be registered; (c) the term of existence of cooperative; (d) the area of operation and the postal address of its principal office; (e) the names, nationality and the postal addresses of the registrants; (f) the common bond of membership; (g) The list of names of the directors who shall manage the cooperative; and (h) The amount of its share capital, the names and residences of its contributors, and a statement of whether the cooperative is primary, secondary or tertiary.The articles of cooperation shall be signed by each of the organizers and acknowledged by them if natural persons, and by the chairpersons or secretaries, if juridical persons, before a notary public. . (i) Arbitral Clause SIXTH. Secure bond of accountable officer(s). A surety bond should be secured from a duly registered insurance or bonding company. Every director, officer and employee handling funds, securities or property on behalf of the cooperative shall be covered by this.The board of directors shall determine the adequacy of such bonds. SEVENTH. Execute Treasurers Affidavit. A sworn statement of the treasurer elected by the subscribers showing that at least twenty-five per centum (25%) of the authorized share capital has been subscribed, and at least twenty-five per centum (25%) of the total subscription has been paid should be executed and to be attached t o the articles of cooperation. The paid-up share capital shall not be less than Fifteen thousand pesos (P15,000. 0).. EIGHTH. Complete the Pre-Membership Education Seminar (PMES). A prospective member of a primary cooperative must have completed a Pre-Membership Education Seminar (PMES). A Certificate of PMES must be secured from the training provider. NINTH. Register your cooperative with the Cooperative Development Authority (CDA). Submit the following required documents in four (4) copies: Four (4) copies each of the Economic Survey, Articles of Cooperation and By-Laws duly notarized; 1. Economic Survey; 2.Articles of Cooperation and By-Laws; 3. Surety bond of accountable officers; 4. Treasurer's Affidavit; 5. Approved Cooperative Name Reservation Slip; 6. Certificate of PMES; The Cooperative Development Authority (CDA) is the sole government agency mandated to register all types of cooperatives. Its main office is located at 827 Aurora Blvd. , Immaculate Conception, Quezon City. Prospective cooperatives must submit their application to the CDA Extension Office where the principal office of the cooperative is located.The following are the amount of fees to be paid for the registration of cooperatives per CDA per Memorandum Circular 2004-07, Series of 2004: The initial registration fee to be imposed shall be 1/10 of 1% of the authorized share capital or the basic fee below whichever You will need four copies each of the Economic Survey, By-laws and Articles of Cooperation. The article of Cooperative should be duly notarized and accompanied by the following: a. Bonds of the accountable officers (any director, officer and employee) handling funds, securities or properties on behalf of the cooperative.The board of directors determine the amount of bonds required based on the initial net worth which shall include the paid-up capital, membership fees and other assets of the cooperative at the time of registration; and b. Sworn statement of the treasurer duly nota rized showing that at least 25% of the authorized share capital has been subscribed, and at least 25% of the total subscription has been paid. The paid-up capital must not be less than PhP2,000. 00 It must be noted that no member may own more than 20% of the subscribed share capital; and each share must not be less than PhP1. 00. TYPES AND CATEGORIES OF COOPERATIVES 1) Types of Cooperatives. Cooperative may fall under any of the following types: a. Credit Cooperative is one that promotes and undertakes savings and lending services among its members. It generates a common pool of funds in order to provide financial assistance and other related financial services to its members for productive and provident purposes; b. Consumer Cooperative is one the primary purpose which is to procure and distribute commodities to members for productive and provident purposes; c. Producers Cooperative is one that undertakes joint production whether agricultural or industrial.It is formed and operated by its members to undertake the production and processing of raw materials or goods produced by its members into finished or processed products for sale by the cooperative to its members and non-members. Any end product or its derivative arising from the raw materials produced by its members, sold in the name and for the account of the cooperative, shall be deemed a product of the cooperative and its members; d. Marketing Cooperative engages in the supply of production inputs to members and markets their products; e.Service Cooperative is one which engages in medical and dental care, hospitalization, transportation, insurance, housing, labor, electric light and power, communication, professional and other services ; f. Multipurpose Cooperative is one which combines two(2) or more of the business activities of these different types of cooperatives ; g. Advocacy Cooperative is a primary cooperative which promotes and advocates cooperativism among its members and the public through so cially-oriented project, education and training, research and communication, and other similar activities to reach out to its intended beneficiaries; h.Agrarian Reform Cooperative is one organized by marginal farmers majority of which are agrarian reform beneficiaries for the purpose of developing an appropriate system of land tenure, land development, land consolidation or land management in areas covered by agrarian reform; i. Cooperative Bank is one organized for the primary purpose of providing a wide range of financial services to cooperatives and their members; j. Dairy Cooperative is one whose members are engaged in the production of fresh milk which may b processed and/or marketed as dairy products; k.Education Cooperative in one organized for the primary purpose of owning and operating licensed educational institutions, notwithstanding the provisions of Republic Act No. 9155, otherwise known as the Governance of Basic Education Act of 2001; l. Electric Cooperative is one or ganized for the primary purpose of undertaking power generation, utilizing renewable energy sources, including hybrid systems, acquisition and operation of sub transmission or distribution to its household members; m.Financial Service Cooperative is one organized for the primary purpose of engaging in savings credit services and other financial services; n. Fishermen Cooperative is one organized by marginalized fishermen in localities whose products are marketed either as fresh or processed products are marketed either as fresh or processed products; o. Health Services Cooperative is one organized for the primary purpose of providing medical, dental and other health services; p.Housing Cooperative is one organized to assist or provide access to housing for the benefit of its regular members who actively participate in the saving program for housing. It is co-owned and controlled by its members; q. Insurance Cooperative is one engaged in the business f insuring life and property of c ooperatives and their members; r. Transport Cooperative is one which includes land and sea transportation, limited to small vessels, as defined or classified under the Philippine maritime laws, organized under the provisions of this Code; s.Water Service Cooperative is one organized to own, operate and manage water systems for the provision and distribution of portable water for its members and their households; t. Workers Cooperative is one organized by workers, including the self-employed, who are at the same time the members and owners of the enterprise. Its principal purpose is to provide employment and business opportunities to its members and manage it in accordance with cooperative principles; and u. Other types of cooperative as may be determined by the Authority. (2) Categories of Cooperatives.Cooperative shall be categorized according to membership and territorial considerations as follows: (a) In term of membership, cooperative shall be categorized into: (i) Primary. The members of which are natural persons; (ii) Secondary. The members of which are primaries; and (iii) Tertiary. The members of which are secondary cooperatives; and (b) In terms of territory, cooperatives shall be categorized according to areas of operations which may or not coincide with the political subdivisions of the country. HOW MUCH IS THE REGISTRATION FEE?Prospective cooperatives must submit their application to the CDA Extension Office where the principal office of the cooperative is located. The following are the amount of fees to be paid for the registration of cooperatives per CDA per Memorandum Circular 2004-07, Series of 2004:. The initial registration fee to be imposed shall be 1/10 of 1% of the authorized share capital or the basic fee below whichever is higher:. BASIC FEES Primary Cooperatives Php 500. 00 Secondary Cooperatives Php 2,000. 00 Tertiary Cooperatives Php 3,000. 00 Laboratory Cooperatives Php 50. 00 .